JC-NRLF 


2t,7    034 


I H  K 


STANDARD 

.SPELLER. 


BPES   SARGENT, 

•rift  OF    "tl«   STANDARD    SFKIAKK,"    "  THJS   STANDABt)   SBltfSSS   OF 
•KEADE'RS  "  ''"1'HE  STAN»AHD   SEIUfcrf  OF  SPKA&BR8,     ETC* 


.  B  0  S  T  0  IS  '; 

3  0  fl  N     L  .    S  If  O  .R  K  Y  , 


THE 


SMALLER 

STANDARD  SPELLER; 

CONTAINING 

CLASSIFIED    EXERCISES 

FOB 

ORAL   SPELLING; 

ALSO, 

SENTENCES   FOR  SILENT   SPELLING, 

BY   WRITING   FROM   DICTATION. 
BY 

EPES    SARGENT, 

ACTHO»  OF  "THE  STANDARD  SPKLLKU,"  "THE  STANDARD  SERIES  OF  READERS.'* 
"THE  STANDARD  SKUIE-}  OF  SPEAKERS,'*  ETC. 

T  H  I  RT  Y  -  E  I  G  H  T  H    THOUSAND. 


BOSTON: 

JOHN     L.     SHORE  Y. 
I860. 


DEFT/ 
. 
"PREFACE. 

THE  present  volume,  like  the  larger  Standard  Speller,  has  been  pre- 
pared with  the  view  of  combining  the  advantages  of  oral,  spelling  with 
those  of  silent  spelling,  by  writing  from  dictation.  Many  children  will 
epell  a  word  aloud,  and  be  puzzled  when  told  to  put  it  in  writing.  Now,  as 
\ye  learn  spelling  chiefly  to  avoid  blunders  in  writing,  and  as  spelling  is 
better  learned  by  the  eye  than  by  the  ear,  dictation  exercises  ought  to  * 
be  an  inseparable  part  of  instruction. 

The  words  of  this  volume  have  been  very  carefully  selected:  such  rep- 
resentative words  being  given  as  may  be  guides  to  the  spelling  of  large 
classes  of  words  of  a  similar  sound,  while  the  anomalous  words  are  so 
classified  as  to  be  impressed  on  the  memory  by  association.  A  pupil 
thoroughly  drilled  in  the  exercises  here  presented  will  not  be  far  from 
being  an  accomplished  speller. 

The  dictation  exercises  have  been  written  expressly  for  this  volume,  and 
will  be  found  to  differ  from  those  in  Sargent's  larger  Speller.  The  teacher 
will  often  find  it  useful  to  have  the  latter  work  at  hand. 


THE    ALPHABET. 

A  B  C  D  E   F  G  II  I  J  K  L  M  N  0  P  Q 
K  S  T  U  V  W  X  Y  Z 

abcdefghijkl  HI  no   pqr-stuv 
w  x  y  z  & 

The  Vowels  are,  «,  e,  z,  o>   u,  and  sometimes  w 
and  y.     The  rest  of  the  letters  are  consonants. 

ARABIC    NUMERALS. 

1234567890 

ROMAN    NUMERALS. 

I.  II.  III.  IV.  V.  VI.  VII.  VIII.  IX.  X.  XI.  XII. 
XIII.  XIV.  XV.  XVI.  XIX.  XX.  C.  D.  M. 

Entered  according  to  Act  of  Conprress,  in  the  year  eighteen  hundred  and  fifty-seven, 
by  EPES  SARGENT,  in  the  Clerk's  Office  of  the  District  Court  of  the  United  States  for 
the  District  of  Massachusetts. 


ABBREVIATIONS   USED    IN   WRITING   AND    PRINTING. 


1 


A.  B.  Bachelor  cf  Arts. 

Ilcb.  Hebrews. 

Oct.  October. 

A.  C.  Before  Christ. 

hhcl.  Ilcgshcad. 

'On.  Oregon. 

Acct.   Account. 

Hon.  Honorable. 

cz.  Ounce. 

A.  D.    In  the   year  of  our 

hund.  Hundred. 

p.  Page. 

•  Lord. 

la.  Iowa. 

pp.  Pages. 

Ala.  Alabama. 

Ib.  or  Ibid.    In  the  same 

Penn.  Pennsylvania. 

f  Master  cf  Arts  •, 

place. 

per.  Ey  the  •,  as,  per  yard, 

.    ,,     j  Before  noon  ;  or, 

Id.  The  same. 

by  the  yard. 

A'  M'  1  In  the  year  of  the 

i.  c.  That  is. 

per  cjnt.  Ey  the  hundred. 

[     world. 

111.  Illinois. 

jt'hil.  PhilippiaiitJ  ;  or,  Phil- 

Anon.  Anonymous. 

Ind.  Indiana. 

ip. 

Ans.  Answer. 

hist.  Instant. 

T,  ,T     C  Post  Master  ;  or, 

Apr.  April. 

Jan.  January. 

1  '  **    I  Afternoon. 

Atty.  Attorney. 

Jos.  Joseph. 

P.  0.  Post  Office. 

Aug.  August. 

Josh.  Joshua. 

Pros.  President. 

Ark.  Arkansas. 

Jr.  Junior. 

pro.  Fcr  ;  or,  In  favor  of. 

bbl.  Barrel. 

Kt.  Knight. 

Prcf.  Prcfesscr. 

B.  D.  Bachelor  of  Divinity. 

Ky.  Kentucky. 

P.  S.  Postscript. 

Benj.  Benjamin. 

La.  Louisiana. 

Ps.  Psalm. 

Ca.  Canada. 

Lat.  Latitude. 

pt.  Payment. 

Cal.  California. 

Ibs.  Pounds. 

4to.  Quarto. 

Capt.  Captain. 

Lieut.  Lieutenant. 

Q.  V.  (Quod  vi'de.)  "Which 

C.  E.  Canada  East. 

LL.  D.  Dcctcr  of  Laws. 

see. 

Chap.  Chapter. 

Lon.  Longitude. 

Reed.  Received. 

Chas.  Charles. 

L.  S.  Place  cf  the  seal. 

•p         C  Reverend  ;  or, 

Co.  Company  ;  or,  County. 

r.I.  Monsieur.               * 

Kev-   )  Revelation. 

Col.  Cobnel. 

Ma.  or  Min.  Minnesota. 

R.  I.  Rhode  Island. 

Cr.  Credit  •,  or,  Creditor. 

Mnj.  Major. 

S.  South. 

Ct.  or  Ccnn.  Connecticut. 

Mar.  March. 

S.  C.  South  Carolina. 

cts.  Cents. 

Mass.  Massachusetts. 

S.  E.  South  East. 

C.  W.  Canada  "West. 

r.I.  C.  Member  cf  Congress. 

Sec.  Secretary. 

c\vt.  Hundred  weight. 

?.I.  D.  Dcctcr  cf  Medicine. 

Soct.  Section. 

D.  C.  District  of  Columbia. 

Md.  Maryland. 

Sen.  Senator  ;  or,  Senior. 

D.  D.  Doctor  of  Divinity. 

Me.  Maine. 

Sept.  September. 

Dec.  December. 

Messrs.  Gentlemen  or  Sirs- 

Scrvt.  Servant. 

Deg.  Degree. 

Mich.  Michigan. 

S.  L.  South  Latitude. 

Del.  Delaware. 

Miss.  Mississippi. 

St.  Saint  ;  or,  Street. 

Do.  or  Ditto.  The  same. 

Mo.  Missouri. 

S.  W.  South  \Vcst. 

Dr.  Doctor  5  or,  Debtor. 

Mr.  Master  5  or,  Mister. 

Tenn.  Tennessee. 

12mo.  Duodecimo. 

Mrs.  Mistress. 

Tex.  Texas. 

E.  East. 

T.1S.  Manuscript. 

Tho.  Thomas. 

Ed.  Edition;  or,  Editor. 

?1SS.  Manuscripts. 

ult.  The  last  (month). 

e.  g.  For  example. 

N.  North. 

U.  S.  United  States. 

E.  I.  East  Indies. 

N.  B.  Take  notice. 

Ya.    Virginia. 

E.  L.  East  Longitude. 

N.  C.  Ncrih  Carolina. 

via.  Ty  vrry  cf. 

Esq.  Esquire. 

N.  E.  North  Eaet. 

viz.  To  wit,  namely. 

etc.  And  so  forth. 

N.  II.  New  Hampshire." 

vol.  Volume. 

Fa.  Florida. 

N.  J.  New  Jersey. 

Vt.  -Vermont. 

Feb.  February. 

N.  L.  North  Latitude. 

VF.  West. 

Ga.  Georgia. 

No.  Number. 

\7.  I.  Vest  Indies. 

Gen,  General  ;  or,'  Genesis. 

Nov.  November. 

Vis.  Viscoccin. 

Gent.  Gentleman. 

N.  V.  Ncrth  Vest. 

"UT.  L.  Yr'cct  Longitude. 

Geo.  George. 

N.  Y.  New  York. 

Vm.  William. 

Gov.  Governor. 

0.  Ohio. 

wt.  Weight. 

II.  B.  M.     Her    Britannic 

obt.  Obedient. 

yd.  Yard. 

Majesty  or  Majesty's. 

8vo.  Octavo. 

&c.  And  so  forth. 

541 180 


TABLE    OF   THE   ELEMENTARY    SOUNDS    IN    THE 
ENGLISH   LANGUAGE. 

VOWEL    SOUNDS. 


1.    That  of  a 

in  father. 

7. 

That  of  i 

in  fit. 

2. 

a 

"  fat. 

8. 

"            0 

"  note. 

3. 

a 

"  fate. 

9. 

"            0 

"  not. 

4. 

a 

"  fall. 

10 

"       u 

"  bwll. 

5. 

e 

"  mete. 

11. 

"         00 

"  fool. 

6. 

e. 

"  met. 

12. 

"       u 

"  but. 

VOWEL    OR    CONSONANT    SOUNDS. 
13.   That  of  w  in  wet.  |  14.    That  of  y  in  yet. 

CONSONANT    SOUNDS. 
15.  That  of  h  in  hoi,  an  aspirate,  or  simple  breathing. 


16.                n(j  "  kin*/,  a  nasal  consonant  sound. 
17.                «i  "  wtan,  a  liquid  nasal  consonant  sound. 
IS.                 n  "  not,           "                 "                 " 
19.                  *'  "  /et,  a  liquid  consonant  sound. 
20.                 r  "  run.           "                 " 

COGNATE    CONSONANT    SOUNDS. 

21. 

That  of  p  in^an,        >  aspirate.     29. 

That  of  k  in  /iind,       ^  aspirate. 

22. 

"         6  "  6ag,        5  vocal.          30. 

y  "  ynn,        5  vocal. 

23. 

u        /  "  /ag,         i  a-spirate.    31. 

s  (t  sin,         )  aspirate. 

24. 

"        ?'    '  ?;an,         5  vocal.          32. 

z  "  zeal,       5  vocal. 

25. 

"       th    l  thin,        5  aspirate.    33. 

sh  "  shine,      >  aspirate. 

26. 

"       M    '  Mine,      5  vocal.         34. 

z  "  azure,     $  vocal. 

27. 

"        /    '  tin,          >  aspirate. 

28. 

"       d    '  din,         5  vocal 

COMPOUND   VOWEL  SOUNDS. 

1.    That  of  i  in  pine. 

3.    That  of  ou  in  bowse. 

2.          "        u  "  cube. 

4.         "         oi  "  voice. 

COMPOUND    CONSONANT   SOUNDS. 

1.    That  of  ch  in  chest  (aspirate).  |       2.    That  of  j  invest  (vocal). 
MODIFIED   VOWEL   SOUNDS. 


1.  a  long  before  r,     as  in  fare. 

'2.  a  intermediate,         "     fast. 

3,  e  short  and  obtuse,  "     her. 

4.  i       «  «          «     fir. 
6.  w       "             "          «     fur. 


C. 


myrrh. 


7.  a  obscure,  as  in  rival. 

8.  e         ((  "     brier. 

9.  »         "  «     infinite. 

10.  o         "  »'     actor. 

11.  w         "  "     sulphwr. 


EXPLANATIONS. 

WORDS  are  so  classified  in  this  work,  that  few  arbitrary  marLcs  are 
required  as  a  guide  to  the  proper  sound  of  letters. 

Before  a,  o,  u,  I,  r,  t,  C  has  the  sound  of  k  ;  it  has  the  sound  of  s  before 
y  ;  alsp  before  e  and  i,  except  "where  a  different  sound  is  specially  indi- 
cated by  the  classification. 

The  digraph  ch  occurring  in  words  in  this  volume  has  always  its  pure 
English  sound  of  tsh  (as  in  child,  much,  &c.),  except  where  a  different 
sound  is  specially  indicated  in  the  classification.  F  italicized  has  the 
sound  of  v. 

G  has  its  hard  sound,  as  in  bay,  except  where  it  is  italicized,  when  it 
has  the  sound  of  j ;  but  <jh  italicized  shows  that  the  combination  is 
unsounded.  • 

£  has  its  aspirate  sound,  as  in  sin,  except  where  it  is  italicized,  and 
then  it  has  the  vocal  sound  of  z  in  zeal. 

Th  italicized,  and  not  classified,  has  its  vocal  sound,  as  in  thine  ;  not 
italicized,  it  has  its  aspirate  sound,  as  in  think. 

JV  italicized  has  the  sound  of  ny,  as  in  an'yer,  van'quish.  N  preceding 
the  sound  of  k  in  the  same  syllable  has  a  close  sound  of  ny,  as  in  thank. 

The  italicizing  of  any  other  letters,  whether  vowels  or  consonants,  is  to 
indicate  that  they  are  silent,  or  unsounded. 

R  is  trilled  when  it  begins  a  word  or  syllable  with  or  without  a  con- 
sonant element  ;  as  ray,  tray.  Otherwise  situated,  it  has  an  untriiled 
sound,  as  in  hare,  carve,  abhor. 

A  syllable  is  a  single  sound  represented  by  one  or  more  letters  ;  as  at 
an,  and.  in  'every  syllable  there  must  be  at  least  one  vowel  sound.  A 
word  of  one  syllable  is  called  a  monosyllable,  &s  just  ;  a  word  of  two  sylla- 
bles, a  dissyllable,  as  justice  /  PJ  word  of  three  syllables,  a  trisyllable,  as 
just'i-fy  ;  a  word  of  more  than  three  syllables,  a  polysyllable,  as  just-i-fi- 
ca'tion. 

Accent  is  a  stress  of  voice  upon  a  syllable  of  a  word. '  In  the  word  diaf- 
tant,  there  is  an  emphasis  or  stress  on  the  first  syllable  ;  in  the  word  suc- 
cess', on  the  second.  Every  word  of  more  than  one  syllable  has  one  of  its 
syllables  accented. 

Words  of  more  than  one  syllable  may  be  divided  by  the  hyphen  (-), 
and  the  accentual  mark  (').  In  dissyllables  and  trisyllables,  where  the 
accent  is  on  the  last  syllable,  it  is  sufficiently  indicated,  in  this  work,  in  the 
1* 


6  EXPLANATIONS. 

• 

absence  of  the  accentual  mark,  showing  that  the  accent  is  on  no  preceding 
syllable. 

The  mark  of  the  makron  (as  in  fate,  scene,  bite,  note,  mute")  is  to  indi- 
cate the  long  sound  of  a  vowel;  the  mark  of  the  breve  (as  infiit,  met,  not, 
fit,  hut)  is  to  indicate  the  short  sound.  When  u  forms  a  syllable  Jay 
itself,  it  generally  has  its  long  y  sound,  as  in  mute. 

A  vowel  is  a  letter  which  makes  by  itself  a  distinct  sound.  A  con- 
sonant is  a  letter  which  can  not  be  distinctly  sounded  without  a  vowel. 

V/  and  y  are  consonants  when  they  begin  a  word  or  a  syllable. 

The  letters  c,  q,  and  x,  do  not  appear  in  the  preceding  Table  of  Sounds, 
because  as  representatives  of  sound  they  are  not  wanted.  Cis  equivalent 
to  s  or  k  ;  q,  to  kw  j  x,  to  eks. 

An  elementary  sound  is  one  which  is  not  produced  by  the  union  of  any 
two  or  more  sounds. 

A  coynate  sound  is  one  related  to  another. 

An  aspirate  found  is  a  whispering  or  hissing  sottnd,  in  which  the  breath 
is  chiefly  exercised.  A  vocal  sound  is  one  which  is  produced  more  by  the 
pure,  natural  tone  of  the  voice. 

A  substitute  is  a  letter,  or  combination  of  letters,  representing  the 
appropriate  sound  of  another  letter. 

Spcllmy  is  the  art  of  writing  with  the  proper  letters,  or  of  reading  by 
naming  letters  singly. 

By  an  obscure  vowel  sound  we  mean  one  in  which  the  abSence  of  accent 
makes  the  sound  less  exact.  The  second  a  in  madman  has  an  obscure 
sound  of  short  a. 

A  simple  word  is  one  that  is  not  compounded  ;   as  boy,  book. 

A  compound  word  is  one  composed  of  two  or  more  simple  words  ;  as 
salt-cellar,  wood-shed. 

A  primitive  word  is  one  not  derived  front  another,  but  constituting  a 
radical  stock,  from  which  others  are  derived  ;  as  hope,  grace}  earth. 

A  derivative  word  is  one  formed  from  a  primitive,  with  the  addition  of 
some  prefix  or  affix  ;  as  hopeful,  yrace'less,  earth'en,  dis-yrace'. 

When  a  letter  or  a  few  letters  of  a  word  are  used  for  the  word  itself 
(as  A',  for  north,  Capt.  for  captain),  we  call  it  an  abbreviation.  Among  the 
most  common  abbreviations  in  use  are,  —  A.  D.  for  anno  domini,  in  the 
year  of  our  Lord  ;  A.  M.  for  ante  meridiem,  before  noon  ;  P.  M.  for  post 
meridiem,  or  after  noon  ;  P.  S.  for  postscript  ;  Mr.  for  Mister  ;  Mrs.  for 
Mistress  ;  MS.  for  manuscript  ;  MSS.  for  manuscripts  ;  obt.  for  obedient; 
Rev.  for  reverend  ;  inst.  for  instant  ;  ult.  for  ultimo  ;  N.  B.  for  nota 
be'ne,  mark  well  ;  No.  for  number  ;  p.  for  page  ;  pp.  for  pages  ;  reed, 
for  received  ;  Col.  for  colonel  ;  <tc.,  for  et  cetera,  and  so  forth. 


SARGENT'S 

SMALLER    STANDARD   SPELLER. 


PART     I . 


SHORT  .WORDS   ALPHABETICALLY   ARRANGED. 

***  See  directions  on  the  preceding  page  in  regard  to  the 
ir.eanin(j  of  italicized  letters,  fyc. 

1.  AM,   an,   as,   at,   ax,  be,  by,   do,  go,  he, 
if,   in,   is,  it,  lo,   me,  my,  no,   o/*,  on,   or,  ox, 
she,  so,   to,  up,  us,  we,  ye. 

2.  And,    arm,    art,    are,    ape,    ask,    all,   bad, 
bag,    bar,    bat,    bed,    beg,    bet,    bid,   big,   bit, 
bog,  boy,  bud,  bug,   bun,   but,   cab,   cap,   can, 
cat,   car. 

3.  Con,  cow,  cry,   cub,   cup,    cut,   cur,   den, 
did,    dig,   dim,    din,    dip,    dog,    dot,    dry,    dug, 
eat,   egg,   end,  fan,  far,  fat,  fed. 

4.  Fib,  fig,    fin,   fit,   fix,   fly,  fog,  for,   fox, 
fry,    fun,   gag,   gap,   gas,    gem,   get,    gig,  gm, 
got,  gum,  gun,  had,  ham,  hat,  hem,  hen,  her. 


8        ';$HORT    WORDS. .y^- DICTATION    EXERCISES. 

^jj^^r-Elmi:  hJp/^Bi*,  hod,  hog,  hop,'  hot, 
how,  hug,  hum,  "hut',  *ice,  ink,  its,  jet,  jib, 
jig>  J°g>  jot,  jug,  jut, 

6.  Keg,    kid,    kin,    kit,    lad,    lag,   lap,   leg, 
let,    lid,    lip,    log,    lop,    lot,    lug,    mad,    man, 
map,    mat,    may,    met,    mix,    mob,    mop,    mud, 
mug. 

7.  Nag,   nap,    net,    nib,    nip,    not,    nut,    off, 
one,   our,   out,    pan,    peg,    pen,    pig,    pin,    pit, 
pod,   pot,   pry,   pun,   put. 

8.  Eag,    ran,    rat,    red,    rib,    rob,   rdfl,    rub, 
rum,    rut,    sad,    sag,    sap,    saw,    sat,    sea,    see, 
set,    ship,    shy,    sin,    sit,    sky,    sly,    sob,    sot, 
sum,  sun,  sup. 

9.  Tap,    ten,    the,    thy,    tin,    too,    top,    try, 
tub,  two,  vat,  wag,  was,  wax,  way,  wen,  wet, 
who,   wig,   wi£A,  yes,  yet,  yon,  you. 


DICTATION   AND    WRITING   EXERCISES. 

/  .     o3y£  v?t  7?2<?.        *f  am  m.       *s&n  &x  van. 

/ 

van  we  do  a4    we  ao  ?        6at  an   eaa. 

v  // 

trie  dan  ^t4,?l   at  t/t>e  ov  f          fTe  4aw  Slim 


i     d 


cow. 

i 
ana 


DICTATION    AND    WRITING    EXERCISES. 


3.     tS&ie    trie   men    in  trie  rtfo£f          c/ed  ',   Jr 


can  dee  two  men.        /re  can  dee  rnen}  too. 


//  //  /   z  <&?          /  / 

n     to?"    tne    tat    man.  &&e    nad    a    aoa 

wit  /i  ni/tn. 

A.  '  Q$o  not  fout    infc    on  6ne 


id    on    tne   vug>.        <=^Let    tn    trie 

<7 

%>e     ftia.        ^Tee     trie      aiq,     in     t/ie     mud. 

/ 

fien  can 


5  .     <_7ee    t/ie    it/v    on    t/ie    d/itfe;  out    at 


not    /aq,    do.         ^wa^   ^/      tun     to     get    tAe 

/  /  / 

nay  f         ^/Yo  :    not    to^dau.        0Eud    tAe    vox  on 

/  /  , 

t/ie   mat. 

0  .     &&un  to  je-e  t/ie  /&&•        <Jne  fiet  faa  id 

d/iu  ana  d/u.   too.      <L/\^i6  t/ie  fan.       cw/i  we  go 
/  /  /  '  / 

to  t/ie  tofo.  ,*7e   can  dee    tAe  +  ^#Ml  of    t/ie    dun. 

/  / 

*/       ^77)  •  /       /       /       /  9         &M/d 

/  .     ^.£'10,     d?ie     ao     rier     dum  f  77  e    &an 

not    dau.         tj^/ie    id    on  tAe  tee.         <Jen  men  4  at 

& 

in  a   van.         *Jifi>  ufe    trie    tu/v.         <-stfo   t/ie  da/i, 

Tj  .  /?  ^^          /^  /        / 

un    in    tne     vut.         &(.oe  nad  a   vad    wen     on 


a^m. 


10  SHORT    AND    LONG    VOWEL    SOUNDS. 


rie 


JS?    tan  at    trie    mev    witti    tier    mefi. 

t'et    trie  vecl    4aa  40.         £/ut    trie  dcfi  in  t/ie 
»        </  ' 

Sicwi.         &&MV    out    trie    du-m.         *^&te*    tt&M    tn, 


/  .     tJwM    fiat    Siad     mu>cl    cwi  it.         r9j(fi& 

/  • 

//  /'/  °T/  /•_/  /      y/  ' 

trie    jnt/n.        i/ne    fad    &i    t/ie     tat*     <<) 

D  //         /  W/fP/  •       // 

e   in  st  (7?i  eid    yea,   c&w.  sr  no   u*a~)    in   the 


cot?       ', 

sT;  .'zAOj     ty,    <=J:9.         *yY&uf   maAe    a    jwiaw    a, 
i,   J,   t,   a,   v,   w,   v,      ,   v. 


WORDS   SHOWING   THE  SHORT   AND   LONG  VOWEL 
SOUNDS. 

10.  Bid,    bide  ;    bit,  bite  ;    cap,   cape  ;    con, 
cone  ;    din,    dine  ;    dot,    dote  ;    fat,    fate  ;    fin, 
fine  ;    hat,  hate  •   hid,  hide  ;    hop,   hope. 

11.  Mad,    made  ;    mop,    mope  ;    not,    note  ; 
pan,   pane  ;    pin,    pine  ;    rat,   rate  ;    rid,    ride  ; 
rip,  ripe  ;    rob,  robe  ;    rod,  rode  ;    win,   wine. 

*  Pronounce  ate  like  the  letter  r.  Attention  should  be  directed  to  the 
irregular  vowel  Bounds  in  do  and  put.  In  //<•/,  ytt,  <fcc.,  let  the  true  sound 
of  the  short  f,  au  in  met,  bo  given.  Some  boys  will  say  yit,  yit,  <tc.  Heed 
the  aspirate  in  such  words  as  whfrf.,  where,  while,  what,  Ac.  Some  speaker! 
will  give  these  words  the  sound  of  wen.  ;«are,  wile,  Ac. 


SHORT  AND  LONG  VOWEL  SOUNDS.      11 

12.  Babe,  bake,  cake,  came,  face,  fade,  gale, 
gave,     gaze,     lake,    late,    make,    name,    pa#£, 
race,   ra</e,   safe,   same,   take,   wa</e. 

13.  Act,   add,   apt,   ash,   band,  black,   camp, 
chat,   clam,   dash,   fact,  flag,   land,  lamp,   lash, 
pang,   plan,   plat,   sand,  scan. 

14.  Barn,    card,    char,    charm,    dark,    farm, 
garb,    hard,    hark,    lark,    harm,    harp,    march, 
marsh,   part,  scar,   scarf,   shark,  star. 

15.  Belt,    bend,   desk,   fell,  felt,  flesh,   held, 
,  help,    lest,    pelt,    send,    shed,    sled,    step,    tell, 

vest,   vex,   well,   went,  wept,  west,   zest. 

16.  Bring,    brim,    chin,    chip,    cling,    dish, 
fish,    fist,    fling,    grim,    limp,    lint,    milk,    pick, 
quit,  rich,  risk,  silk,  sing,  six,   thing. 

17.  Bind,    blind,    child,    crime,    drive,    fire, 
glide,  hind,  ire,  life,  mild,  mind,"  price,  quite, 
shine,   slide,   smile,   spire,  twice,  wild. 

18.  Chop,  crop,  drop,  fond,  frog,  from,  frost, 
shop,    trot.  —  Bold,    broke,    fold,    froze,    gold, 
old,  post,   scold,  shore,   smoke,   stove. 

19.  Brush,    crust,    drum,    duck,    gulf,   hunt. 
Mute,    duke,    tune.  —  Born,    cork,    corn,    form, 
horn,   orb,   scorch,   short,   thorn. 

20.  Couch,    count,     crouch,    crowd,    crowns 
down,  loud,    now,    proud,  round.  —  Boil,   broil, 
choice,   coin,  join,  joy,  moist,  toil,  voice. 


12  SHORT    AND    LONG    VOWEL    SOUNDS. 

DICTATION  AND   WRITING   EXERCISES. 

10.  Bid  her  bide  and  bite  a  bit.     She  has  a  cap  and  a  cape. 
They  hide  :  he  hid.     I  hope  you  can  hop.     We  ate  the  fin  of  a 
fine  fish. 

11.  They  made  the  man  mad.     We  rode  a  rod.     She  did  not 
note  the  date.     The  rat  ran  at  a  fine  rate.     Rob  her  not  of  her 
robe.     A  pine  pin. 

12.  Bake  a  cake  for  the  babe.     They  came  late.     Men  wage 
war.     He  gave  his  name.     Is  it  safe  on  the  lake  in  a  gale  ?     Gaze 
in  her  face. 

13.  The  lash  gave  a  pang.     The  camp  had' a  black  flag.     The 
fact  was  apt.     Eat  the  clam.     Hand  me  the  lamp.     Let  us  chat 
and  plan. 

14.  I  gave  her  a  dark  scarf.     March  on  to  the  marsh.     Do 
not  char  the  card.     She  has  a  scar  on  her  arm.     The  farm  has  a  ' 
barn.     Hark  to  the  lark  ! 

15.  The  desk  fell  on  the  sled.     We  went  to  the  well  in  the 
shed.     He  has  a  red  vest.     She  wept  to  see  them  pelt  him.     Send 
me  the  belt. 

16.  Pick  the  lint.     He  put  his  fist  to  her  chin.     Bring  the  fish 
on  a  dish.     Do  not  fling  the  chip  in  the  milk.     Quit  that.     She 
has  a  rich  silk. 

17.  See  the  blind  child  smile.     Is  the  spire  on  fire?     The  hind 
ox  ran.     He  is  quite  wild.     See  the  star  shine.     May  I  slide? 
This  was  twice  the 'price  of  that. 

18.  They  broke  the  old  post.     From  the  shop  we  went  to  the 
shore.     Drop  the   gold.     The   stove   smokes.     A  crop  of  hay. 
Scold  not.     She  is  cold  with  frost. 

19.  Brush  off  the  crust.     Hark!   was  that  a  drum?     They 
shot  a  duck  in  the  gulf.     Skim  off  the  scum.     The  cow  had  a 
short  horn.     Do  not  scorch  your  cap.     Have  you  much  such 
corn? 

20.  Count  the  crowd.     Take  thy  choice.     He  sat  on  the  couch. 
Stand  up  now.     Do  not  crouch.     She  has  a* loud  voice.     Join  us 
in  our  joy.     Broil  the  fish.     Much  coin,  much  care.     His  hand 
is  moist. 


PART     II. 


CLASSIFIED  ACCORDING  TO  THEIR  LEADING  VOWEL  AND 
CONSONANT  SOUNDS, 


VOWEL  SOUNDS  AND   SUBSTITUTES. 
I.  The  Sound  of  A  in  Far. 

1.  ARCH,  are,  barb,  bard,  bark,  bargre,  bath, 
cart,    carve,    charj/e,    chart,    darn,    dart,    gape, 
harsh,  lard,  lan/e,  marl,  mart. 

2.  Parch,    park,    parse,    path,    sharp,    smart, 
snarl,  spar,  spark,  stanch,  starch,  start,  starve, 
tar,  tart,  yard,  yarn. 

3.  Bar'ber,  bar'ter,  charmer,  farmer,  fa^Aer, 
har'vest,    lard'er,    market,     pars'nip,    part'ner, 
part'rid</e. 

4.  A-larin',  ci-gar,  de-part,  dis-arm,  un-bar, 
em-bark,  re-gard,  re-mark,  re-tard. 

In  laugh  and  draught,  gh  has  the  sound  of  f.  The  e,  in 
the  first  syllable  of  sergeant,  and  au,  ea,  and  ua,  in>  the  fol- 
lowing words,  have  the  sound  of  a  in  far. 

5.  Aunt,     daunt,     draught,     flaunt,     gaunt, 
haunch,    haunt,    jaunt,    laugh,    launch,    taunt, 
vaunt.     Heart,    hearth.      Guard.  ** 

2 


14  SHORT    A,    AS    IN    HAT. 

DICTATION  AND  WRITING  EXERCISES. 

1.  The  barb  of   the  dart  was  sharp.     We  sat  in  tho  large 
barge.     Take  a  bath.     We  must  not  gape.     Lard  is  fat.     We 
saw  marl  in  our  path.     Let  me  carve.     Stop  the  cart. 

2.  Parch  the  corn.     The  yarn  is  in  a  snarl.     lie  is  a  stanch 
man.     Mix  the  starch.     This  is  thy  path.     The  ship  lost  a  spar. 
Put  out  the  spark. 

3.  My  father  saw  the  barber,  and  then  went  to  market,  and 
got  a  partridge  and  a  parsnip.     His  partner  .is  fond  of  barter. 
A  rich  harvest. 

4.  Embark  in  the  ship.     Alarm  the  men.     Drop  that  cigar. 
Disarm  him,  and  let  him  depart.     Do  not  regard  my  remark. 
Retard  me  not. 

5.  We  went  on  a  jaunt  to  see  a  launch.     Laugh  not  at  aunt. 
To  vaunt  is  to  brag.     The  sergeant  is  on  guard.     My  heart  an?- 
hearth  are  thine. 

II.  Short  A,  as  in  Hat. 

1.  Blank,    bran,    cash,    catch,    clad,    cramp, 
damp,    drab,    drank,   gang,    hath,    have,   latch, 
mall,  match,  patch,   quack. 

2.  Sash,    scalp,     scrap,     shad,    shall,    shalt, 
sham,     snatch,     splash,     stamp,    strap,     thank, 
thatch,   thrash,  tract. 

3.  As'pen,    ballad,    bar'rel,    bran'dy,    cabin, 
can'dy,     clamper,'    gallop,     ga^A'er,    had'dock, 
jack'et,  javelin,  la/A'er,  matin. 

4.  Maxim,  nap'kin,  parish,  par'rot,  parent, 
plan'et,  rath'er,   tas'sel. 

5.  A-bash',  at-tach,  at-tack,  ca-nal,  era-vat, 
djs-patch,  re-lax,  ro-manee. 


LONG,  A,    AS   IN   FATE.  15 

DICTATION  AND  WRITING   EXERCISES. 

1.  You  will  catch  a  cramp  in  the  damp  mall,  clad  as  you  are. 
The  quack  met  his  match.     The  page  is 'blank.     The  gang  have 
fled.     Save  the  bran. 

2.  He  hit  me  on  the  scalp.     I  thank  you  for  the  tract.     She 
had  a  red  sash.     Do  not  snatch  the  scrap  of  shad,     Thrash  the 
rye.     Pick  up  the  strap. 

3.  Patch   the  old  jacket.     Eat  of  the  haddock.     Upset  the 
barrel  of  brandy.     Sing  the  ballad.     The  nag  will  gallop.     A 
javelin  is  sharp.     Lather  his  chin.     Gather  up  the  scraps. 

4.  I  have  a  tassel   for  her  cap.     Catch  the  napkin.     "  Safe 
bind,  safe  find,"  is   rather  a  good   maxim.     We   have  an   old 
parrot  in  the  parish.     The  hill  was  hard  to  clamber.     He  has  a 
patent. 

5.  Relax   thy  hold   of  my  cravat.     The   canal   is   not  wide. 
Make  dispatch.     Attack  no  one.     Quit  the  romance. 

III.  Long  A,  as  in  Fate. 

1.  A#e,    ate,     blaze,    chafe,    change,    flake, 
flame,  grace,  grape,  la^Ae,  nape,  paste,  scrape, 
shame,  skate,  slate,  spade,  state,  strange. 

2.  An'(/el,  ba'by,  backer,  cam'bric,  cham'ber, 
cra'zy,    dain/er,    hatred,    la'dy,    la'zy,    lately, 
ma'ker,  manner,  na'ked,  pa'per,  ra'cer,  sa'cred, 
stran'-</er,   wa'fer. 

3.  Ar-ran*/e',     cas-cade,     es-cape,     for-sake, 
gri-mace,  in-hale,  in-sane,  pa-rade. 

Words  in  which,  ai,  ea,  and  au,  have  the  sownd  of  long  a. 

4.  Aid,  brain,  chain,  faith,  flail,  jail,  maid, 
paid,   quail,  raise,  sprain,  twain. 


1C  LONG    A,    AS    IN    FATE. 

5.  Chil'blain,   daily,   dai'ry,   dai'sy,  rai'ment, 
rain'y,   sail'or,   trai'tor. 

6.  Ac-quaint',     a-fraid,     be-wail,     de-claim, 
ex-claim,   ex-plain,   main-tain,   ob-tain. 

7.  Bretik,  great,   steak.      Gaw/e. 

Words  i7i  which  ay  has  tJie  sound  of  lone/  a. 

8.  Bay,    bray,    clay,    day,    gay,    gray,    pay, 
play,   pray,  say,   stay,   stray,  tray,   way. 

9.  Gay'ly,  lay'man,  may 'or,   way 'ward. 

10.  Af-fray',   de-lay,  way-lay.  —  Gray'e-ty. 

Words*  in  which  ei,  eig,  and  eigh,  have  this  sound. 

11.  Deign,     eight,     eighth,     freight,     neigh, 
reign,  skein,  sleigh,  weigh,  weight.      Hei'nous, 
neigh'bor,  weight'y.     In-veigh'. 

Words  in  which  ey  has  this  sound. 

12.  Prey,   they,  whey.      Con-vey,  o-bey. 


DICTATION  AND  WRITING  EXERCISES. 

1.  He  ate  a  grape.     Is  it  strange  that  she  can  skate?     Chafe 
the  nape  of  his  neck.     Scrape  off  the  paste.     My  father  has  a 
lathe.     I  have  a  spade.    A  flake  fell.     The  hut  is  in  a  blaze.   He 
broke  his  slate. 

2.  The  angel  baby  has  left  us.     The  lady  is  in  her  chamber. 
She  has  a  cambric  robe.     Stranger  is  a  sacred  name.     The  lazy 
dog  is  in  the  manger.     Our  baker  has  a  racer.     Pen,  paper,  and 
wafer. 

3.  The  cascade  falls.    He  made  his  escape.    Arrange  her  dress. 

*  For  other  words  of  this  class,  see  "  Words  Sounded  Alike." 


SOUND    OF   A   IN   FALL.  17 

Inhale  the  soft  air.     Shun  all  parade.     She  made  a  grimace. 
Forsake  her  not.     Is  she  crazy  ? 

4.  Has  the  maid  paid  for  the  chain  ?     Raise  the  flail.     He  fell, 
and  got  a  sprain,  and  broke  his  cane  in  twain.     They  put  the 
man  in  jail.     He  shot  a  quail. 

5.  I  go  daily  to  the  dairy.     My  raiment  is  new.     Give  this 
daisy  to  the  sailor.     The  traitor  ran. 

6.  Explain  why  you  are  afraid  to  declaim.     Disdain  a  lie.     I 
bewail  my  loss.     Maintain  a  good  name.     Acquaint  me  with  it. 

7.  We  ate  a  great  steak.     Break  the  ice.     Gauge  the  wine  in 
the  cask.     You  exclaim  in  vain. 

8.  May  she  play  to-day?     Stray  not  far  away.     She  let  the 
tray  fall.     Payms  you  go.    Pray  to  thy  Maker.    We  can  see  three 
ships  in  the  bay.     A  gray  horse. 

9.  10.   Gayly  she   sang.     Delay  thy  gayety.     The   mayor   is 
wayward.     He  was  hurt  in  an  affray.     Waylay  the  boy. 

11,  12.  Deign  to  hold  this  skein.  What  is  the  weight  of  the 
sleigh?  More  than  eighty  pounds.  The  nags  neigh.  My  neigh- 
bor has  them.  The  crime  is  heinous.  Inveigh  not  now.  Obey 
me.  We  shot  a  bird  of  prey.  Wine  whey. 


IV.  The  Sound  of  A  in  Fall. 

1.  All,    bald,    call,    false,    gall,    hall,    halt, 
malt,  salt,   small,  thrall,  wall,  want. 

2.  Dwarf,    quart,   sward,   war,  ward,  warm, 
warmth,   warn,  wart,  wharf. 

3.  AFinost,    al'so,    al'ter,    al'ways,    cal'dron, 
faFter,  haFter,   pal'sy,   wa'ter. 

4.  Quarter,     swar7Ay,     war'ble,     ward'robe, 
war'deii,  war'fare,  warrant. 

5.  Be-falF,  ex-alt,   with-al.     Re-ward, 

6.  AFder-man,  al'ma-nac,  fal'si-fy. 

o* 


18  SOUND    OF    A    IN    FALL. 

The  \  in  the  following  words  is  not  sounded. 

7.  Calk,   chalk,    stalk,   talk,  walk.     Fal'con. 

Words  in  which  au,  augh,  have  the  sound  of  a  in  fall. 

8.  Cause,   daub,    fault,    fraud,    gauze,   haul, 
pause,  sauce,  vault.     Au'gust,  au'thor,  auc'tion, 
pau'per,   sau'cer,   sau'cy,   saus'a^/e.      Ap-plaud',. 
be-cause,   ex-haust. 

9.  Aught,   caught,   fraught,   naught,  taught. 
Daughter,  haugh'ty,   naugh'ty,   slavjgh'ter. 

Words  in  which  aw  has  the  sound  of  a  in  fall. 

10.  Awl,    crawl,    dawn,    draw,    hawk,    law, 
raw,    saw,    scrawl,    shawl,    straw.      Awk'ward, 
draw'er,   haw'thorn,  law'yer,   taw'dry. 

In  which  o,  oa,  and  ough,  have  the  sound  of  a  in  fall. 

11.  Born,    fork,    gon/e,    horse,    lord,    morn, 
north,   scorn,  storm,   short,  torch,  gone. 

12.  Bor'der,   dis'cord,  forin'er,  mor'tal. 

13.  Ab-hor',    a-dorn,    en-dorse,    trans-form, 
ex-hort,  for-lorn,  per-forrn,  re-morse. 

14.  Broad.   Bought,  brought,  cough,*  fought, 
ought,   sought,   thought,   trough.* 


DICTATION  AND  WRITING   EXERCISES. 
1.  All  I  want  is  malt  and  salt.     Halt  in  the  hall.     They  hold 
him  in  thrall.     Shun  the  false  boy.     Gall  is  bitter. 

*  Gh  has  here,  and  in  some  other  words,  the  sound  of  /. 


LONG    A,    AS    IN    CARE.  19 

2.  A  bald  dwarf  sat  on  the  sward.     Give  me  a  quart  of  warm 
water.     I  saw  a  ship  at  the  wharf. 

3.  She  almost  fell  with  the  caldron.     A  halter  for  those  that 
falter  !     Alter  thy  tone.     He  shakes  with  palsy. 

4.  In  warfare  we  give  no  quarter.     Birds  warble.     The  war- 
den ran  with  the  warrant.     See  my  wardrobe. 

5.  6.  The  alderman  got  his  reward.     Hand  me  the  almanac. 
Exalt  the  low.     Falsify  not. 

7.  Walk  and  talk.     Calk  the  ship.     Mark  it  with  chalk.    The 
falcon  flew.    Hate  all  fraud.    Daub  not  thy  hand  with  the  sauce. 

8.  Gauze  is  thin.     The  auction  takes  place  in  August.     They 
will  exhaust  the  pump.     The  author  was  saucy.     Take  the  saus- 
age out  of  the  saucer.     Applaud  the  good. 

9.  My  daughter  caught  a  cold.     Is  she  haughty,  or  naughty? 
No.     She  is  well  taught. ,,.  Thy  path  is  fraught  with  danger.     A 
sad  slaughter  took  place. 

10.  Take  off  her  shawl.    This  awl  is  sharp.    The  dawn  breaks. 
Burn  the  straw.     Shut  the  drawer.     The  lawyer  made  this  awk- 
ward scrawl.     It  is  bad  manners  to  yawn. 

11.  12.  The  storm  was  short.     My  torch  has  gone  out.     The 
horse   can  trot.     The  north  star  glitters.     The   fork  is   sharp. 
Discord  reigns  on  the  border.     When  were  you  born  ? 

13,  14.  Abhor  "a  lie.  She  has  a  bad  cough.  The  horse  drinks 
from  the  trough.  She  is  all  forlorn.  You  ought  to  exhort  him 
to  do  better.  Your  belt  is  too  broad.  He  will  endorse  the  note. 
May  good  thoughts  be  with  you ! 


V.  The  Sound  of  Long  A,  as  in  Care. 

1.  Bare,     dare,     fare,    rare,     scarce,     scare, 
share,  snare,  spare,   square.     Par'ent. 

2.  Be-ware',   corn-pare,   de-clare,  pre-pare. 

Words  in  which  ai  and  ay  have  the  sound  of  a  in  care. 

3.  Air,    chair,    fair,    hair,    lair,    pair,    stair. 


20  SOUND    OF    A,    AS    IN    ASK. 

Fair'y,     gair'ish.     Af-fair',    de-spair,     im-pair, 
re-pair.      Pray'er. 

Words  in  which  e  and  ea  have  the  sound  of  a  in  care. 

4.   There,    where.     Where'fore.     Bear,    pear, 
swear,   tear,  wear. 


DICTATION  AND  WRITING   EXERCISES. 

1.  Spare  me  your  share.     My  parent  gave  me  a  rare  and  scarce 
plant  in  a  square  box.     The  glare  of  the  sun.     Pay  your  fare. 

2.  Beware  the  snare.     Prepare  to  go.     Declare   your  hope. 
Compare  it  with  mine. 

3.  4.  She  sits  in  a  chair.     The  air  lifts  her  fair  hair  there. 
Do  not  despair.     The  gairish  day.     The  lion's  lair.     A  sad  affair. 
A  long  prayer. 

VI.  The  Sound  of  A,  as  in  Ask. 

This  sound  is  intermediate  to  a  in  far  and  a  in  fat. 

1.  Bask,    blast,    branch,    cask,    cast,   chance, 
chant,  clasp,  dance,   fast,  glance,  glass,  grant, 
grass,  lance,  mast,  pass,   quaff,  task. 

2.  Cas'ket,  plas'ter,   rafter,  slan'der. 

3.  Ad-vance',  re-past.     Ex-am'ple. 


DICTATION  AND  WRITING   EXERCISES. 

1..  Bask  in  the  sun.  The  branch  fell  on  the  grass  in  the  blast. 
Glance  at  the  glass.  Let  us  pass.  I  can  clasp  the  cask. 

2,  3.  The  rafter  fell  on  the  casket.  Shun  slander.  Our  repast 
was  of  molasses.  A  bad  example. 


LONG    E,    AS    IN    BE.  21 

* 

VII.  The  Sound  of  Long  E,  as  in  Be. 

1.  Mere,     theme,     these.     De'eent,     de'mon, 
fre'quent,  legend,  le'ver,   pre'cept,   se'cret. 

2.  Ad-here',   coin-plete,   ex-treme,   pre-cede, 
re-vere,   se-crete,   sin-cere,   su-preme. 

Words  in  which  ea  has  the  sound  of  long  e. 

3.  Bead,  beard,  bleak,  brea/Ae,  cease,  cheap, 
cleat,    cream,    crease,    deal,    dream,    each,    ear, 
fear,  heat,  leap,  leave,  meal. 

4.  Peach,   please,   preach,   read,  ream,  seat, 
scream,    shears,    speak,    stream,    team,    teach, 
wheat,  yea  (also  pronounced  yu},  zeal. 

5.  Bea'con,  deacon,  ea'ger,  greasy,  mea'ger, 
rea'son,  wea'ry.     Ap-pear',   be-nea/A,  con-ceal, 
de-cease,   dis-ease,  re-peat. 

Words  in  which  ee  has  the  sound  of  long  e. 

6.  -Beef,   bleed,    breeze,   cheek,   cheese,  feel, 
green,  keep,  meek,  queer,  screech,  sheep,  sleek, 
sleet,  sleeve,  sneeze,  speech,  teeth. 

7.  Fee'ble,  greed'y?  need'y>  nee'dle,  pee'vish. 
A-gree',   es-teem,   ex-ceed,  in-deed,  pro-ceed. 

Words  in  which  ei  has  the  sound  of  lony  e. 

As  a  general  rule,  the*  sound  of  s  takes  ei  after  it  rather 
than  ie  ;  as  seize,  ceiling  ;  but  siege  is  an  exception. 

8.  Seize.      CeiFing,  ei7Aer,  lei/ure,  nei'ther. 
Con-ceit',  per-ceive.     In-vei'gle,   o-bei'sance. 


22  LONG    E,    AS    IN    BE. 


Words  in  which  ie  a?«J  eo  Aat>£  /Ae  sound  of  limy  e. 

9.  Brief,    chief,    field,     fiend,     fierce,     grief, 
niece,     piece,     pierce,     priest,     shield,     shriek, 
thief,   wield,  yield. 

10.  Prui'rie,   se'ries.      Peo'ple. 

11.  Be-lief',   cash-ier,   front-ier,   re-lief. 

Words  in  which  i  has  the  soiuid  of  long  e. 

12.  Ca-price',     nia-rine,     po-lice,      pe-lisse, 
ra-yine,   va-lise. 


DICTATION  AND  WRITING   EXERCISES 

1,  2.  He  rose  by  mere  luck.  Complete  the  legend.  Lift  the 
lever.  Adhere  to  my  precept.  Be  sincere.  Precede  us.  Dogs 
secrete  bones.  Storms  are  frequent. 

3,  4.  Please  speak.  Preach  and  teach.  A  bleak  spot.  I 
made  a  cheap  meal  of  a  peach  with  cream.  Do  not  crease  the 
paper.  We  cut  with  shears.  String  the  bead.  Nail  on  a  cleat. 
Deal  fairly. 

5.  The  sailor  was  eager  to  see  the  beacon.     A  meager  meal  for 
weary  men.     Let  your  reason  appear.     His  disease  was  severe  up 
to  the  time  of  his  decease.     Beneath  me  all  is  dark.  * 

6,  7.     Meek  and  sleek  is  the  sheep.     I  feel  the  breeze  and  the 
sleet  on  my  cheek.     The  greedy  boy  ate  cheese  and  beef.     He 
made  a  queer  speech.     Indeed  she  is  not  peevish. 

8,  9.  Seize  a  time  of  leisure.  Neither  deceive  nor  inveigle. 
Make  your  obeisance  to  my  niece.  Her  grief  was  brief.  The 
thief  was  fierce  as  a  fiend,  but  was  made  to  yield. 

10 — 12.  I  saw  a  prairie  on  fire.  Relieve  needy  people.  The 
police  caught  the  cashier  on  the  frontier.  The  ravine  is  deep. 
A  series  of  marine  disasters.  Put  the  pelisse  in  the  valise. 


SHORT    B,    AS    IN    MET.  23 

VIII.  The  Sound  of  Short  E,  as  in  Met. 

1.  Bless,    check,    dwell,    ed</e,    else,    fence,    « 
fresh,    next,    quell,    self,    sense,    sketch,    spell, 
stretch,   /Aence,   twelve,   when. 

2.  Bel'fry,    er'rant,    fet'id,    fetlock,    hel'met, 
ket'tle,   mer'ry,   sec'ond,  ver'y. 

o.  As-cend',  at-tempt,  corn-mence,  con-fess, 
de-tect,  ex-eel,  ex-cept,  ex-pel,  ex-pense, 
ga-zette,  im-mense,  pos-sess,  pro-tect,  re-quest, 
re-sent,  re-spect,  re-vem/e,  trans-gress. 

4.  In-ter-cept',   rec-ol-lect,   rep-re-sent. 

Words  in  which  a,  ai,  and  ay,  have, the  sound  of  short  e. 
I 

5.  A'ny,   ma'ny.      Said,   say s. 

Words  in  wJdch  ea  has  the  sound  of  short  e. 

6.  Bread,    breadth,    breast,    breath,    cleanse, 
dead,   deaf,   dealt,   death,   head,   health,   meant, 
read,   spread,   sweat,   thread,   wealth. 

7.  Break'fast,      cleanly,    feath'er,     mea/ure, 
heav'en,     heav'y,     lea/A'er,     leav'en,     mead'ow, 
peas'ant,     pleas'ant,    read'y?    stead'y?    threaten, 
trea/ure,  weap'on,   wea/,Ver,   zeafous. 

8.  In-steadr.      Al-read'y,   en-deav'or. 
Words  in  which  ei  a?id  ie  have  the  sound  of  short  e. 

9.  Heifer.     Friend.    Friendly,   friendship. 
Words  in  which  eo,  u,  and  ue,  have  this  sound. 

10.  Jeop'ard,  leop'ard.    Bur'y-    Guess,  guest. 


24  SOUND    OF    E,    AS    IN    HER. 

DICTATION  AND  WRITING   EXERCISES. 

1.  She  can  spell  very  well.     Next  he  went  thence  to  the  fence. 
Twelve  men  dwell  on  the  edge  of  that  hill.     No  one  else  is  there. 
Check  your  speed.     Quell  the  storm.     Bless  her  ! 

2.  In  a  second  I  will  do  thy  errand.     Clip  the  fetlock  of  the 
horse.     A  helmet  is  for  the  head.     Put  the  kettle  on  the  fire. 

3.  Attempt  to  ascend.     I  possess  all   the  papers  except*  the 
Gazette.     Confess  the  expense  is  immense.     Request  him  to  pro- 
tect, but  not  revenge.     Try  to  excel.     Commence  now.     Trans- 
gress not  my  law. 

4,5.  Recollect  to  represent  me  well.  Intercept  the  thief  again. 
He  ran  against  me.  What  said  ho?  Many  fell  there. 

G.  They  dealt  gently  with  her.  What  is  the  breadth  of  the 
beam?  Are  you  deaf?  My  health  is  better.  We  read  a  page. 
Thread  the  needle.  Cleanse  your  breath.  He  meant  well. 

7,8.  The  weather  was  pleasant,  and  the  zealous  peasant  spreud 
a  cleanly  breakfast.     Leaven  the  bread.     By  steady  endeavor  we 
win  the   treasure.     Measure   the  meadow.     Give  me  a  feather  • 
instead  of  this  heavy  leather.     Already  he  threatens  me  with  a 
weapon. 

9,  10.  The  small  heifer  ran  to  meet  my  friend.  Guess  who  is 
my  guest.  Bury  thy  grief.  He  was  in  jeopardy  from  a  leopard. 


IX.  The  Sound  of  E,  as  in  Her. 

1.  Clerk,     err,     fern,     jerk,     merye,     nerve, 
perch,  serve,  stern,  swerve,  term,  verse,  were. 

2.  Ad'verse,     cav'ern,     cis'tern,     com'meree, 
clergy,    her'mit,    mer'chant,     mer'cy,    mod'ern, 
nor/A'ern,    perfect,    per'son,    prov'erb,    slat'tern, 
sterling,   /Aere'fore. 

3.  A-lert',      a-verse,      con-cern,      con-verse, 
de-fer,    de-serve,    ex-pert,    pre-fer,    pre-serte, 
re- verse,  sub-vert,  su-perb. 


SOUND    OF    E,    AS    IN    HER.  25 

Words  in  which  ea  has  this  sound. 

4.  Dearth,   earl,  earn,    earth,    heard,    learn,, 
pearl,  search.     Early,   ear'nest.     Re-hearse. 

Words  in  which  i  has  this  sanidd. 

5.  Birch,  dirk,  dirt,  firm,  first,  mirth,  shirt, 
sir,  stir,  third,  thirst,  twirl. 

6.  Circle,  fir'kin,  stir'rup,  virgin. 

Words  in  which  o  and  ou  have  this  sou?id. 

7.  Word,   work,  world,  worm,  worse,  worth. 
Wor'ship.    Jour'nal,  jour'ney,  sojourn.   Scoun/e. 
At-tor'ney.      Court'e-sy. 

Words  in  which  u  and  y  have  this  sound. 

8.  Burn,   burst,    church,    churn,    curb,    curl, 
curse,    curve,  durst,   hurt,   nurse,   purr,   pun/e, 
purse,  spurn,  turn.     Myrrh. 

9.  Bur'den,     burglar,      fur'nish,      mur'mur, 
fur7Aer,  mur'der,  pur'pose,  Thur^'day,  turn'key, 
tur'nip.     Mar'tyr,  myr'tle. 

10.  Ab-surd',     con-cur,     de-mur,     dis-turb, 
oc-cur,     re-turn,     un-furl,     u-5urp. 


DICTATION  AND  WRITING  EXERCISES. 
1,  2.  Did  the  clerk  err?  Fern  is  sweet.  They  were  on  the 
stern  of  the  ship.  Who  ever  saw  a  perfect  person?  1  see  a 
sterling  modern  merchant  in  commerce  in  a  northern  state. 
Shun  the  slattern.  Is  she  therefore  bad?  The  eistera  is  dry. 
An  adverse  wind. 

3 


26  SHORT    I,    AS    IN    FIT. 

3.  Be  on  the  alert  to  converse.     Do  not  desert  our  concern. 
A  superb  horse.     Reserve  the  fragments. 

4.  Learn  early  to  be  in  earnest.     Rehearse  your  part.     Dearth 
prevails.     "We  search  for  pearls.     I  heard  the  earl  speak. 

5.  6.  The  first  had  a  dirk,  the   third  a  shirt.     Stand   firm. 
Water  !  for  I  am  thirsty.     He  rose  in  the  stirrup.     Draw  a  cir- 
cle.    A  firkin  of  butter. 

7.  Spare  the  worm.     Work  well.     The  attorney  is  not   the 
worst  in  the  world.     His  worship  wields  a  scourge.     Sojourn  here 
after  your  journey. 

8.  Bless,  and  curse  not.     They  burst  into  the  church  to  burn, 
but  durst  not  do  any  hurt.     Spurn  the  purse.     Myrrh  is  bitter. 

9.  The  further  fmrpose  of  the  burglar  was  to  murder  the  turn- 
key on  Thursday.     The  martyr  sang.     1  sat  beneath  a  myrtle 
tree. 

10.  I  demur  to  your  absurd  plan.     Unfurl  the  sail.     You  die-' 
turb  my  brain.     Sir,  return  me  my  turnip. 


X.  The  Sound  of  Short  I,  as  in  Fit. 

1.  Bill,     bridge,     chill,     cliff,     crib,     crhu/e, 
didst,   ditch,   fifth,   midst,   milch,   niche,   quick, 
quill,   quince,  rinse,   since,   swift,  wick,  width, 
wind,  with,  withe,   witch. 

2.  Bish'op,  blis'ter,   dis'trict,  injure,    in'sect, 
lirn'it,  livelong,  mir'ror,   pip'pin,  sir'up,  spir'it, 
pitch'er,     splin'ter,     thith'er,    vine'yard,    viv'id, 
wit'ness. 

3.  Ad-mit',      af-flict,      con-vince,      dis-miss, 
dis-tinct,     e-clipse,     e-quip,     for-give,     in-sist, 
o-mit,   pre-dict,  sub-mit. 

4.  Chas'tise-ment,      dif'fi-eult,      in'-dus-try, 
in'-tel-lect,  niil'-li-ner,  minls-ter,  priv'i-le^e. 


SHORT   I,    AS    IN   FIT.  27 

5.  Con-sid'er,   de-liv'er,  in-sip'id. 

Words  in  which  ai  and  ia  have  this  sound. 

6.  Captain,     certain,     chaplain,     chieftain, 
curtain,  fountain,  mountain,  plant'ain,  viriain. 
Car'riaf/e,   mar'riat/e. 

In  which  e,  ee,  ei,  ie,  and  o,  &zz;e  this  sound. 

7.  Been.   Sieve.  England,  pret'ty.   Breech'es. 
For'feit,  sur'feit.    Ker'ehief,  mis'chief.    Wom'en. 

In  which  u,  ui,  and  y,  have  this  sound. 

8.  Build,    guilt.     Bis'cuit,    cir'cuit,   con'duit, 
guin'ea.     Bus'y,     min'ute.      Crystal,     syntax, 
syr'in^e,  system.     Sylla-ble.     Symrpa-thy. 


DICTATION  AND  WRITING   EXERCISES. 

1.  Bridge  the  ditch.     Didst  thou  milk  the  milch  cow?     Binse 
the  cup.     Cringe  not.     Put   the  crib  in  the  niche  in  the  \\all. 
The  candle  has  a  short  wick.     They  beat  the  witch  with  withes.* 

2.  Do  not  injure  the  insect.     Put  the  pippin  in  the  pitcher 
with  sirup.     We  sat  in  the  vineyard  the  livelong  day.     Lead  us 
thither.     Hang  up  the  mirror.     Take  out  the  splinter. 

3 — 5.  Admit  the  bearer.  Forgive  and  dismiss  them.  We  saw 
an  eclipse  of  the  sun.  The  minister  is  difficult  to  convince. 
Consider  the  industry  of  the  milliner.  I  insist  on  my  privilege. 
The  tea  is  insipid. 

6.  The  captain  was  certain  he  saw  the  villain  by  the  fountain, 
near  the  mountain,  in  a  carriage  with  the  chaplain  and  the  chief- 
tain. Deliver  him  up  for  chastisement.  Draw  the  curtain.  The 
marriage  will  take  place  next  winter. 

*  Heed  the  distinction,  in  with  and  withe,  between  vocal  and  aspirate 
th.  In  with,  th  has  the  sound  it  has  in  thy  j  in  withe,  the  sound  it  has  in 
Ifcufc 


28  THE    SOUND    OF    LONG    I,    AS    IN    FINE. 

7.  Shake  the  sieve.     We  have  been  to  England.     I  shall  forfeit 
my  pretty  kerchief.      Henry  did  the  mischief. 

8.  This  minute  I  am  busy.     They  built  a  conduit.     The  syringe 
cost  a  guinea.     Eat  the  biscuit.     Tell  me  what  is  a  syllable. 


XI,  The  Sound  of  Long  I,  as  in  Fine. 

1.  Bli^Ae,  chide,  dire,  fife,  #ibe,  mire,  prize, 
rind,  scribe,  smite,  squire,  stride,  thine,  thrice, 
ti/Ae,  whilst,  whine, 

2.  Ci'der,   di'et,   dri'ver,  ex'ile,  fi'nlte,  lilac, 
hind'inost,  like'wise,  mi'ser,  pli'ant,  ri'ot,  ri'val, 
sti'pend,  vi'ands,  vi'tal. 

3.  Ac-quire7,      ad-mire,     ad-vise,     bap-tize, 
corn-bine,  con-triye,  de-cide,  de-scribe,  o-b%e, 
per-spire,  re-vive,  sub-lime,   sub-scribe. 

4.  An'thra-cite,   croc'o-dile,  rec'on-cile 

5.  Au'thor-ize,    civll-ize,     re^l-ize,    rec'og- 
nize,   sig'nal-ize,   tan'ta-lize. 

6.  Ad'ver-tise,      com^ro-mise,      en'ter-prise, 
ex'er-cioC,  mer'chan-dise. 

7.  Ad-mi/er,     al-l^ance,    ar-riVal,    de-ni'al, 
com-pli'ance,      ho-r^zon,      in-qu^ry,      re-ci'tal, 
re-qui'tal. 

Words  in  which  gh  is  unsounded. 

8.  Blight,  bright,  fight,  flight,  fright,  high, 
light,  might,    nigh,    night,    plight,    right,   sigh, 
thigh,  tight,  wight. 


THE    SOUND    OF    LONG    I,    AS    IN    FINK.  29 

Words  in  which  ei  and  ie  have  this  sound. 
9.   Cries,   dries,    fie,   lie,   pie,   tie,   tries,  vie. 
Hei</At,   sleight.     Ei'der. 

Words  in  which  y  has  the  sound  of  lon'j  i. 

.  10.  Cry,  fly,  scyMe,  shy,  sky,  sly,  spry, 
sty,  style,  type.  —  Dy'er,  cy 'press,  ty'rant — 
Al-ly',  a-wry,  re-ly. 

Words  in  which  ui,  uy,  ye,  and  eye,  have  this  sound. 

11.   Guide,  guile,  guise.     Buy.     Eye.     Rye. 


DICTATION  AND  WRITING  EXERCISES. 

1,  2.  The  prize  is  thine.  A  tithe  is  a  tenth.  A  gibe  is  a  taunt. 
The  squire  fell  in  the  mire.  The  rind  of  a  peach.  Taste  th« 
viandn.  The  miser  was  hindmost  in  the  riot.  The  driver  drank 
cidar-  My  sister  has  a  lilac  dress. 

3,  4.  Contrive  to  oblige  all.  I  advise  you  to  decide  to  sub- 
scribe. We  admire  the  sublime.  We  burn  '  anthracite  coal. 
Reconcile  the  friends.  Describe  your  accident. 

5,0.  Civilize  the  savage.  We  realize  our  loss.  Did  she  recog- 
nize him  ?  Advertise  your  enterprise  and  merchandise.  Exercise 
much. 

7,8.  The  horizon  i.3  bright.  On  the  arrival  of  your  admirer 
the  recital  took  place.  After  the  fight,  the  enemy,  in  affright, 
took  to  flight,  by  night,  in  a  sad  plight.  Sit  nigh  me. 

9 — 11.  lie  tries,  by  sleight  of  hand,  to  deceive  you.  They 
shot  an  eider  duck  in  the  eye.  Guide  me  to  the  height.  Buy  my 
bag  of  rye.  Rely  not  on  the  ally  of  a  tyrant.  The  scythe  is 
sharp.  You  brush  your  hair  awry.  lie  lay  on  the  srow.  Do 
not  lie  there.  Lay  down  the  razor.  I  laid  it  down  a  moment 
since.* 

*  To  TEACHERS.  —  Teachers  can  not  too  early  insist  upon  correct,  gran> 
matieal  English  from  their  pupils.  No  word  is  so  often  misused,  even  by 

3* 


30  THE    SOUND    OP   LONG    0,   AS   IN    GO. 

XII  The  Sound  of  Long  0,  as  in  Go. 

1.  Bolt,    bone,    borne,     both,     clo^Ae,     dolt, 
dose,  doze,  droll,  force,  ford,  fon/e,  fort,  forth, 
globe,  loth,   most,    porch,    prose,    quote,,  scroll, 

shorn,    sloth,  stone,  stroll,  SWOrd  (pronounced  sord), 

torn,  throne,   whole,  yolk,   zone. 

2.  Bro'ker,  bol'ster,  cro'ny,  do'tard,  fro'ward, 
glo'ry,    gro'cer,    lo'cust,    only,    pro'file,    solely, 
sto'ny,  to'ward,*  vo'ter. 

3.  A-lone',     be-fore,     con-sole,      post-pone, 
de-plore,    ex-plore,    ex-port,    m-voke,    pa-trol, 
sup-pose. 

Words  in  which  oa  has  the  sound  of  long  o. 

4.  Boast,    boat,    cloak,    coach,    coast,    float, 
goad,    hoard,    hoarse,    loaf,    loa^Ae,    oats,   road, 
soak,   soap,   throat,  toad,   toast. 

Words  in  which  eo  and  oe  have  the  sound  of  long  o. 

5.  Doe,    foe,    hoe,    roe,    throe,    toe,    woe. 
Yeo'man. 


persons  claiming  to  be  educated,  as  the  preterit  lay.  We  daily  hear  per- 
sons saying,  "I  arn  going  to  lay  (lie)  down  ;"  and,  "He  laid  (lay)  down 
on  the  bench,"  &c.  Remember  that  lay  is  a  transitive  verb,  and  has  for 
its  preterit  laid,  as,  "  He  told  me  to  lay  it  down,  and  I  laid  it  down." 
Lie  is  intransitive,  and  has  for  its  preterit  lay,  as,  "He  told  me  to  lie 
down,  and  I  lay  down." 

*  When  toward  is  a  preposition  the  w  is  unsounded,  and  the  word  rhymes 
nearly  with  board. 


THE    SOUND    OF    LONG    0,    AS    IN    GO.  31 

Words  in  which  oo  and  ou  have  the  sound  of  long  o. 

6.  Bourn,    course,    court,    four,   gourd,    soul, 
mould,  moult,  mourn,  pour,  source.     Poultice, 
shoul'der,   smoul'der.     Door,   floor. 

Words  in  which  ew,  oo,  and  ow,  have  this  sound. 

7.  Blow,    bowl,    flow,    growth,    low,    mow, 
own,    row,    show,    slow,     snow,    throw,    trow. 
El'bow,  wiii'now.     Sew,  strew.     Brooch. 

«h 

Give  to  unaccented  ow,  in  the  following  group  of  words,  the 
distinct  sound  of  long  o. 

8.  Ar'row,  bellow,  billow,   bor'row,  fellow, 
follow,     hallow,     hollow,     mellow,     nar'row, 
pillow,      shad'ow,     sor'row,      tallow,     wid'ow, 
will<5w,  yellow. 

In  dough  and  though,  ough  has  the  sou~:d  of  long  o.     In. 
leau,  bureau,  and  other  French  words,  eau  has  the  sound. 

Words  ending  with  long  o. 

9.  Bra'vo,     car'go,     grot'to,     he'ro,     mot'to, 
ne'gro,    quar'to,    sa'go. —  Buf'fa-lo,    call-co. — 
Mo-roc'co,  mu-lat'to,  to-bacxco,  vol-caxno. 


DICTATION  AND  WRITING   EXERCISES. 

1,  2.  She  sat  bolt  upright.  The  whole  scroll  was  torn.  He 
was  loth  to  take  up  the  sword.  They  built  a  stone  fort.  Take 
the  dose  after  a  doze.  The  grocer  was  the  only  voter.  The 
broker  has  a  crony. 


32  THE    SOUND    OF    0,    AS    IN    NOT. 

3,4.  The  coach  ran  over  a  toad  on  the  road  by  the  coast.  My 
throat  is  hoarse.  The  yeoman  hit  his  toe  with  a  hoe. 

6,  7.  The  growth  of  the  gourd  is  not  slow.  Strew  snow  on 
the  floor.  I  own  a  brooch.  Sew  my  sleeve.  The  bread  in  the 
bowl  is  mouldy.  A  poultice  for  my  elbow  and  shoulder.  The 
bird  moults.  Row  the  boat. 

8,  0.  The  yellow  twigs  of  the  willow.  The  widow  has  known 
sorrow.  The  dough  is  soft.  Though  a  bravo,  he  is  no  hero.  A 
mellow  potato.  A  calico  dress.  A  cargo  of  tobacco.  A  bureau 
dravrer.  The  beau  hid  in  the  grotto. 


XIII.  The  Sound  of  0,  as  in  Not. 

1.  Block,    bronze,    clock,    doll,    dross,    flock, 
froth,    lod</e,    loll,     moss,    moth,    odd,     prong, 
romp,   shock,   solve,   throng,   tongs. 

2.  Bon'fire,  bon'net,  cob'bler,  cob'web,  coffee, 
college,   com'bat,  com'rade,  congress,  forehead, 
for'est,     gos'pel,     lob'ster,     mod'est,     progress, 
object,     on'ward,     pock'et,     prop'er,    pros'pect, 
rob'ber,   sol'dor,  yon'der. 

3.  Ac-cost7,       a-cross,      be-yond,       be-troth, 
e-volvc,   ex-tol,  in-volve,  re-spond. 

Words  in  which  a  has  the  sound  of  o'in  not. 

4.  Quash,      squab,      squad,     squash,     squat, 
swab,    swamp,    swan,    swap,   swath,   wad,  wan, 
wand,    was",    wast,    wash,    wasp,    watch,    what, 
yacht  (pronounced  yofy. 

5.  Quar'rel,     quar'ry,    squad'ron,     squan'der, 
squalid,     swallow,     wallet,     wallow,    wal'rus, 
^van'der,  war 'rant. 


THE    SOUND    OF    00,    AS    IN    BOOK.  33 

6.  Hail-but,   quad'ru-ped,   quan'ti-ty. 

In  knowledge,  ow  has  the  sound  of  short  o. 


DICTATION  AND  WRITING  EXERCISES. 

1.  A  block  fell  on  the  bronze  clock.     The  romp  lolls.     An  odd 
shock.     The  fork  has  three  prongs.     The  moth  flies  to  the  dry 
moss.     The  dross  of  gold  is  worthless.     Solve  the  sum. 

2.  The  comrade  of  the  cobbler  made  a  bonfire  yonder  in  the 
forest.     A  cobweb  is  on  your  forehead.     Congress  has  made  little 
progress.     The  robbers  had  a  combat  for  a  lobster.     Solder  the 
tin  box.     Trim  the  bonnet. 

3,4.  The  swan  swam  across  the  lake.  Did  you  respond? 
Watch  the  swift  yacht.  I  want  a  wad  for  my  gun.-  The  squash 
grew  in  a  swamp.  A  squab  is  a  young  pigeon. 

5,  6.  The  walrus  wallows  near  the  squadron.  I  warrant  the 
wallet  strong.  He  got  his  knowledge  at  college.  Swallow  the 
draught.*  We  caught  a  halibut.  Never  quarrel.  Squander 
not  your  means. 

XIV.  The  Sound  of  CO,  as  in  Book. 

1.  Book,    brook,    cook,    crook,    foot,     good, 
hood,    hook,    look,    shook,    stood,    took,    wood, 
wool. —  Wool'en,   woolly. 

Words  in  which  u,  o,  and  oul,  have  the  sound. 

2.  Bull,    bush,    full,    pull,    push,    puss,    put. 
Wolf,  could,  should,  would.     Am'bush,  bullet, 
bullion,     bull'ock,    bully,     bul'rush,     bul'wark, 
bush'el,    butch'er,    cuck'oo,    cushion,    pud'ding, 
pull'et,  pull'ey,  pul'pit,  wom'an. —  Bull'e-tin. 

*  See  page  13.     The  gh  in  draught  has  the  sound  of/. 


34  THE    SOUND    OF    00,    AS    IX    COOL. 

DICTATION  AND  WRITING   EXERCISES. 

1.  The  cook  stood  by  the  brook  with  a  good  hook,  a  crook  of 
wood,  a  book,  and  a  woolen  hood,  which  lie  took  and  shook 
Look  at  this  woolly  plant. 

2.  Pull  puss  out  of  the  bush.     Put  the  bull  out  of  the  way  of 
the  wolf.     I  WT>uld  if  I  could  ;  if  I  could  not,  how  should  I? 
The   pullet   laid   an   egg.     A   bushel    of  apples    fur    puddings. 
The  butcher   lay  in  ambush  to  shoot  the  wild  bullock  with  a 
bullet.     The  woman   sits  on  the  cushion.     Read  the  bulletin. 
What  is  bullion  ?     The  cuckoo  lights  on  the  bulrush. 


XV.  The  Sound  of  00,  as  in  Cool. 

1.  Bloom,  boot,  broom,  choose,  droop,  food, 
gloom,  goose,  groove,  loose,  moon,  noose,  poor, 
proof,  roost,   sloop,   soon,   soo^Ae,   spoon,   tooth. 

Words  iji  which  o,  oe,  and  ou,  have  this  sound. 

The  w  in  two,  who,  whom,  whose,  &c.,  and  the  yh  iq 
through,  are  unsounded.  The  i  in  rou-tine'  has  the  sound  of 
long  e,  as  in  me. 

2.  Do,  lose,  move,  prove,  two,  who,  whom, 
whose.     A-do',    ap-prove,    im-prove,    re-move, 
re-prove.       Bo'som,      los'er.       Croup,      group, 
route,     throu<//i,     tour,     wound,     you,     youth. 
Con- tour',     sur-tout,     un-couth.       Rou-tine'.  — 
Shoe.     Ca-noe'. 

Words  in  which  ew,  eu,  and  ieu,  have  this  sound. 

3.  Brew,    clew,    crew,    drew,    flew,    shrew, 
shrewd.     Pleu'ri-sy,  rAeu'ma-tism.     Lieu. 


THE    BOUND    OF    U,    AS    IN    TUB.  35 

Viords  in  which  ue  and  ui  have  this  sound. 

4.  Blue,   clue,  glue,  flue,  rue,  true.     Fruit, 
braise,     cruise,     sluice.       Construe.      Ac-crue'. 
Re-crait'. 

Words  in  which  u  has  the  sound  of  oo  in  cool. 

5.  Brute,    cruse,   prune,    rude,    rule,    spruce, 
truce,     truth.      Fluke,     flume,     flute,      plume, 
Cru'el,  pru'dent,  ru'by,  ru'mor,  ru'ral,  ruthless, 
scru'ple,     tru'ant.      Fluid,     lu'nar.      Cru-sade', 
pe-ruse.     In-clude',   sa-lute,  se-clude 


DICTATION  AND   WRITING   EXERCISES. 

1,  2.  Hens  roost.  Choose  a  broom.  He  caught  a  goose  with 
a  noose.  The  wheel  runs  in  a  groove.  You  will  lose  your  loose 
shoe.  Our  route  lay  through  swamps.  The  youth  received  a 
wound.  He  made  the  tour  of  Europe.  The  routine  of  his  life 
is  dull.  The  canoe  was  upset. 

3,  4.  The  crew  will  clew  up  the  sails.  He  went  on  a  long 
cruise.  We  have  no  clue  to  his  fate.  In  lieu  of  pleurisy,  he  had 
rheumatism.  Do  not  bruise  the  fruit.  Recruit  your  strength. 

5.  Prune  the  tree.  The  cruse  is  filled  with  a  fluid.  The  rude 
truant  was  cruel  to  a  poor  brute.  What  is  a  fluke  ?,  Speak  tho 
truth.  Salute  the  lady.  Peruse  the  book. 


XVI.  The  Sonnd  of  Short  U,  as  in  Tub. 

1.  Blunt,  bulb,   bunch,   club,    dunce,    jud</e, 
jump,  null,  plump,  plum/e,  pulp,  pulse,  punch ^ 
shrub,   skulk,   snuff,   struck,   suds,   trunk. 

2.  Blun'der,     crup'per,     cudgel,     dumpling, 


36  THE    SOUND    OF    U,    AS    IN    TUB. 

fulsome,  gun  Vale,  luncheon,  mus'ket,  put'ty, 
plun'der,  scutcheon,  stubborn,  sun'dry,  tur'ret, 
sum'mons,  ush'er,  ut'most. 

3.  An-nul',    con-struct,     con-suit,     cor-rupt, 
dis-cuss,  ex-pun</e,  in-dul(/e,  in-stract,  re-suit, 
re-pulse,  ro-bust,  ro-tund. 

4.  Blun'der-buss,   dif'fi-cult.     In-ter-rupt'. 

Words  in  ivhich  o  has  the  sound  of  u  in  tub. 

In  one,  once,  the  sound  of  w  precedes  the  sound  of  o.     In 
tonyue,  ue  is  unsounded. 

5.  Come,     done,     dost,     doth,     dove,     front, 
glove,    love,    monk,    month,    none,    once,    one, 
shove,   spom/c,   son,   tongue,   won,   wont. 

6.  Broker,  col'or,  com'fort,  doz'en,   gov'ern, 
hon'ey,    Mon'day,     moi^ey,    monkey,    moth'er, 
nothing,      onion,     othxer,      plov'er,      pom'mel, 
shov'el,   sloVen,  thorough,  won'der,  wor'ry. 

7.  A-bove',   af-front,   a-mong,   a-mongst. 

8.  Cofan-der,  com'pa-ny,  conxjur-er,  con'sta- 
ble,   cov'e-nant,  som'er-set. 

Words  in  which  oe,  oo,  and  ou,  have  this  sound. 

9.  Does.     Blood,     flood.     Touch,     young. — 
Country,    couple,    couplet,    course,    cousin, 
doublet,  flourish,   nourish,  sou^'efn,    trouble. 
Doub-loon7. 


THE    SOUND    OF    U,   AS    IN    MUTE.  37 

In  the  following  words  gh  has  the  soimd  of  f. 
10.   Chough,  rough,  slough,*  tough.   E-nough. 


DICTATION  AND  WRITING  EXERCISES. 

1,  2.  The  dunce  made  a  blunder.  Feel  my  pulse.  Put  soap 
suds  on  the  vines.  Plunge  in.  The  usher  struck  him  with  a 

o 

cudgel.  We  had  dumplings  for  luncheon.  Hear  my  summons. 
Hold  on  to  the  crupper.  His  flattery  is  fulsome. 

3,  4.  Instruct  him  to  annul  the  contract.  Expunge  my  name. 
Consult  the  judge.  Interrupt  him  not.  Learn  the  result.  Eiro 
off  the  blunderbuss.  That  is  difficult. 

5,6.  Sponge  the  glove.  Wonder  at  nothing.  None  come  to 
comfort  me.  Govern  thy  temper.  My  brother  held  on  to  the 
pommel.  Hold  thy  tongue.  Shovel  the  snow.  Worry  not  each 
other.  He  shot  a  plover,  but  got  thoroughly  wet. 

7 — 10.  The  conjurer  turned  a  somerset  among  the  company, 
but  at  this  the  constable  took  affront.  Does  your  rough  young 
cousin  flourish  enough  in  the  southern  country?  The  slough  of 
a  snake.  The  blood  of  a  tough  chough/ 

XVII.  The  Sound  of  U,  as  in  Mute. 
The  y  sound  proper  to  long  u  is  often  slurred  by  the  care- 
less.    Teachers  can  not  bo  too  particular  in  attending  to  the 
true  sound.     Remember  that  long  u  after  I  or  r  loses  much 
of  its  y  sound,  and  has  more  the  sound  of  long  oo.  —  See  p.  35. 

1.  Cube,     cure,     duke,     dupe,     fume,     fuse, 
huj/e,  mute,   pule,   pure,  tube,  tune,  use. 

2.  Du'ty,    inu'sic,     stu'dent,    stu'pid,    tu'lip, 
tu'mid,      tu'mult,     u'nit.        Cos'tume,      del'w/e, 
for'tune,  trib'une,   trib'ute,   volume. 

*  Meaning  the  cast  skin  of  a  serpent. 


38  THE   SOUND    OF   U,  AS   IN   MUTE. 

3.  A-cute',     de-duce,     ma-ture,     pre-sume, 
ob-scure,   re-duce,   se-cure,   suf-fuse. 

4.  Min'ia-ture,      nu'tri-ment,      man'u-script, 
cent'u-ry,   cu'cum-ber,  ret'i-cule,  sig'na-ture. 

5.  Im-por-tune',  in-tro-duce,  pre-ma-ture. 

6.  Ed'u-cate,  em'u-late,  regxu-late. 

7.  Pop'u-lar,   si/^gu-lar.      Per-pen-dic'u-lar. 

8.  An'nu-al,     mu'tu-al,    punc'tu-al,    rit'u-al. 
Ha-bit'u-al,   per-pe^u-al.     In-di-vid'u-al. 

9.  Ar'gu-ment,   doc'u-ment,  mon'u-ment. 

10.  Grat'i-tude,  lon^i-tude,  mfirti-tude. 

11.  Ar'du-ous,  fab'u-lous,  vent'ur-ous. 

12.  Con-tempt'u-ous,  in-^/en'u-ous. 

Words  in  which  ue  has  this  sou?id. 

13.  Cue,   due,  hue.     Ar'gue,  isxsue,   rescue, 
stat'ue,     Tue/day,     val'ue,     virt'ue.      Sub-due7, 
en-sue.     Avxe-nue,  re/i-due.      Con-tin'ue. 

Words  in  which  eu,  eau,  ew,  lew,  have  this  sound. 

14.  Dew,  ewe,  few,  &new,  mew,  new,  pew, 
stew,  view.     Ew7er,  pewter,  stew'ard.     Deuce, 
feud.     Neu'ter,  neu'tral.     Beaurty. 


DICTATION  AND  WRITING   EXERCISES. 

1 — 3.  The  duke  tried  to  quell  the  tumult.  The  student  reads 
the  huge  volume.  The  tribune  did  his  duty.  Use,  but  do  not 
abuse.  Deduce  an  argument.  Misfortune  comes. 


THE    SOUND    OF    01,    AS   IN    VOICE.  39 

4 — 8.  The  individual  has  a  miniature  in  her  reticule.  Would 
it  be  premature  to  introduce  me  ?  A  singularly  perpendicular 
tree.  Be  punctual. 

9 — 14.  A  monument  of  tho  gratitude  of  the  multitude.  She 
is  ingenuous,  not  ingenious.  Continue  in  virtue.  The  steward 
had  a  pewter  ewer.  Few  remark  the  beauty  of  the  view.  A 
new  feud  broke  out.  An  arduous,  ridiculous  task. 


XVIII.  The  Sound  of  01,  as  in  Voice. 

Avoid  the  habit  of  making  this  sound  degenerate  into  that 
of  long  i  ;  as  if  loin  were  line,  roil,  rile,  &c. 

1.  Coil,   foil,  foist,  groin,   hoist,  joint,  joist, 
moil,  noise,   oil,   point,  poise,  quoit,   roil,  soil, 
spoil,  void. 

2.  Broid'er,   doily,  noisome ,  poison,  toilet, 
oint'ment,   tur'moil. 

3.  Ad-join',      ex-ploit,      pur-loin,      re-joice, 
a-droit,   a-void. 

Words  171  which  oy  has  this  sound. 

4.  Boy,      buoy      (pronounced    bwoy),      cloy,      joy. 

Oys'ter,  voy'at/e.     De-stroy',   em-ploy. 


DICTATION  AND   WRITING  EXERCISES. 

1,  2.  Coil  the  rope.  Hoist  the  joist.  Broider  the  doily.  Poise 
the  quoit.  The  ointment  is  noisome.  The  loin  is  tender.  Do 
not  roil  the  wine. 

3,  4.  The  boy  swam  to  the  buoy.  He  may  rejoice  in  the  ex- 
ploit. An  oyster  voyage.  Destroy  the  p'oison. 


40  THE    SOUND    OF    OU,    AS    IN    HOUSE. 

XIX.  The  Sound  of  OU,  as  in  House. 

In  drouyhi,  dcnujhtij,  &c.,  and   in  douyli,  when  it  means  a 
deep,  uurij  place,  the  yk  is  unsounded. 

1.  Bound,  cloud,  drought,  flour,  gou</e,  oust, 
lounge,     mount,     mouse,     noun,     oust,     pouch, 
pout,   sour,   souse,  south,   ounce,  scour,   slough, 
sprout,  vouch. 

2.  Bount'y,   dough'ty,  flounder,   thousand. 

3.  A-bound',     ac-count,     de-vour,     de-vout, 
pra-nounce,  re-dound,   re-sound,   sur-round. 

4.  Ooun'te-nance.     A-cous'tics,   es-pou'sals. 

Words  in  which  ow  has  this  sound. 

5.  Brown,      browse,      clown,     cowl,     drown, 
gown,  growl,  mow,  plow7  (also  spelt  plouyti) ,  prow, 
row,   scow^,   scowl,   town. 

6.  Bow'els,  cowr/ard,   lowxer,   pow'der,  row'cl, 
show'er,     tow'el,     trow'sers,     vow'el.  —  Al-low7, 
en-dowr,   re-nown. 


DICTATION   AND  WRITING  EXERCISES. 

1 — 3.  Flowers  sprout.  Clouds  lower.  Devour  the  flounder. 
Drought  prevails.  Surround  the  bounds.  Storms  resound.  A 
thousand  welcomes.  Pronounce  with  care.  Oust  the  intruder. 
The  horse  sank  in  a  slough.  See  the  cat  pounce  on  the  mouse. 
The  hound  made  a  bound  to  catch  the  trout. 

4 — 6.  A  pleasant  countenance.  An  acoustic  tube.  Their  es- 
pousals took  place.  Pluw  the  ground.  The  plowman  is  no 
coward.  He  tore  his  trowsers.  Fold  up  the  towel.  The  rowel 
of  a  spur. 


PART     III. 


UNACCENTED  VOWEC   SOUNDS. 

THE  vowels  in  unaccented  syllables  have  generally  a  short 
and  obscure  sound,  though  to  this  there  are  some  exceptions. 

I.  A,  in  .Unaccented  Syllables. 

1.  Cornea,     sola,     stan'za,     stig'ma,     villa. 
Di-lem'ma,   e-nig'ma,   o-me'ga,  um-brella. 

2.  Culpa-ble,  cur'a-ble,  dur'a-ble,  pal'pa-ble. 
Credl-ta-ble,  navl-ga-ble,  tol'er-a-ble. 

The  a  in  the  last  syllable  of  the  words  in  Paragraph  3  has 
an  obSbure  sound  resembling  the  sound  of  short  it  as  in  pin. 


3.  Bag^a^/e,      cot'ta^/e,      mes'saj/e, 
pasxsa(/e,  sav'a^/e,   suf'frai/e,  village. 

4.  As'tral,      db'rnal,      herrald,      scan'dal.  — 
En/er-ald,  fed^r-al,  (/en'er-al,   sev'er-al. 

5.  Ac-quit'tal,  i-de'al,  re-qui'tal.  .  Po-litl-cal, 
his-torl-cal,  the-at'ri-cal. 

6.  Barance,  pen'ance,  sub'stance,  ven^exance. 
Con/plai-sance,  hin'der-ance,  main'te-nance. 

7.  Con'stant,     dis'tant,     fra'grant,     pendant. 
Be-nig'riant,   im-por'taiit,  pu-is'sant. 

8.  Ce'dar,  dollar,  grani'mar,  pillar,   poplar, 
solar.     Vin'e-gar.      Cat'er-pil-lar. 

9.  Cus'tard,  mus'tard,   orchard,   scab'bard. 


43'.  : 


,:  .«,.  4N.  .UNACCENTED    SYLLABLES. 


10.  Con'tra-ry,  gran'a-ry,  pri'ma-ry,  ro'sa-ry. 
Ad'ver-sa-ry,   cus'tom-a-ry,   ex'em-pla-ry. 

11.  Con-spir'a-cy,  di-plo'ma-cy,  su-prem'a-cy. 
A-poth'e-ca-ry,   pe-cu'ni-a-ry,  vo-cab'u-la-ry. 

12.  Pal'ace,     preface,     sol'ace,     surface.  — 
Atlas,   ballast,  har'ass,   pur'ehase,  tres'pass. 

13.  Climate,     frig'ate,     prel'ate,     sen'ate. — 
Choc'o-late,   dell-cate,   des'per-ate,   o'pi-ate. 


DICTATION  AND.3VRITING  EXERCISES. 

1 — L  Solve  the  enigma.  Open  the  umbrella.  Repeat  the 
stanza.  The  stream  is  navigable.  Omega  is  the  last  letter  of  the 
Greek  alphabet.  Eat  the  ora^e.  We  lost  several  emeralds. 
She  sent  a  message  to  the  general  at  the  cottage. 

5 — 10.  His  com'plai-sance  was  contrary  to  our  hope.  Rejoice 
at  his  acquittal.  He  does  not  give  a  dollar  toward  her  mainte- 
nance. Caterpillars  infest  the  orchard.  My  adversary  drew  his 
sword  from  the  scabbard. 

11 — 13.  The  supremacy  of  the  democracy  is  maintained.  The 
apothecary  gave  me  an  opiate.  Read  the  preface.  Bo  not  har- 
ass the  cook.  Ballast  the  ship. 


II.  The  Sound  of  E  in  Unaccented  Syllables. 

1.  A^ed,  ha'tred,  hundred,  learnxed,  wick'ed. 

2.  Mar'vel,     mod'el,    nov'el,    par'cel,    rev'el, 
scoundrel,   se'quel,  trav'el,   tuifnel,   vessel. 

In  the  words  of  Paragraph  3,  the  e  in  the  last  syllable  is 
unsounded,  as  if  driv'l,  yrov'l,  &c. 

3.  Driv'el,     grov'el,    ha'zel,    rav'el,    shov'el, 
shriv'el,  swiv'el,  teasel,  weasel. 


E,   IN    UNACCENTED    SYLLABLES.  43 

4.  Em'blem,  po'em.     Strat'a-</em.     Bre^A'ren, 
chirdren,     cfiick'en,     kitch'en,     mit'ten,    o'men, 
sul'len;   sud'den.      Cit'i-zeh. 

The  e  before  final  n  in  unaccented  syllables  is  unsounded 
in  many  verbs,  participles,  and  adjectives,  and  some  nouns. 
Specimens  of  these  are  given  in  Paragraph  5. 

5.  Black'en,  driv'en,    eVen,    gar'den,   gh^en, 
gold'en,  haVen,  heav'en,  kit'ten,  moli/en,  ov'en, 
ox'en,   sad'den,  to'ken,  woodren.     E-lev^n. 

6.  Absence,  sentence,  silence.  Ab'sti-nence, 
difTer-ence,    diri-^/ence,   in'so-lence,   yi'o-lence. 
Cir-cum'fer-ence,   om-nip/o'-tence. 

7.  Clement,     gar'ment,     frag'ment,      taFent. 
A^ci-dent,  efo-quent,  inmo-cent,  man'a//e-ment. 
Op-potent,     re-fresh'ment,    vice-^/e'rent.      Ad- 
ye/ti^-merit.      Su-per-in-tend'ent. 

8.  Ban'ner,      ham'mer,       lad'der,       sad'dler, 
stan/mer,    sup'per,    tum'bler,    uPcer,    whis'ker. 
BaFus-ter,      can'is-ter,      gla'ci-er,      lav'en-der. 
De-cant'er,   de-fend'er,   to-geM'er. 

The  words  in  Paragraph  9  are  spelled  by  Webster  with  the 
termination  er,  as  presented ;  but  other  lexicographers  trans- 
pose the  letters,  thus:  centre,  fibre,  lustre,  m&nasu'vre,  &c. 

9.  Center,  fi'ber,    lus'ter,    mau'ger,   mea'ger, 
me'ter,  mi'ter,  ni'ter,  o'cher  (the  ch  like  fy,  sa'ber, 
scep'ter,  som'ber,  speo'ter.     Call-ber,  the'a-ter. 


44          I    AND    Y,    IN    UNACCENTED    SYLLABLES. 

Sep'lll-cher  (the  ch  like  &).       Ac-COu'ter    (pronounced 
ak-kooter),  ma-neu'ver.      Rc-con-noi'ter. 

In  acre,  lucre,  ?nas'sa-cre  (pronounced  a'ker,  Inker,  mas'- 
sa-ker],  the  form  of  re  final  is  retained. 

10.  Fairness,  mis'tress,  plain'ness.  Goblet, 
blank'et,  </ib'bet,  trump'et.  ',  Bay'o-net,  ep'i-thet, 
ep'au-let. 

DICTATION  AND  WRITING   EXERCISES. 

1 — 5.  An  aged,  learned  poet.  Eleven  hundred  shovels.  A 
novel  model  of  a  vessel.  Even  children  look  up  to  heaven. 
Brethren  and  citizens,  farewell ! 

G — 10.  The  government  of  the  vicegerent  was  clement.  Read 
the  advertisement  of  the  superintendent.  The  foe  went  to  ma- 
neuver and  reconnoiter.  The  massacre  was  enormous.  Burn  the 
gibbet.  His  vehemence  of  speech  was  intolerable. 


III.  The  Sonnd  of  I  and  Y  in  Unaccented  Syllables. 

1.  A^ril,  aii'vil,  cavil,  civil,  nos'tril,  peril. 
Fer'tile,    hostile,     rnis'sile,     rep'tile,     tran'quil. 
Doml-cil,  ju've-nile,   mer'can-tile. 

2.  Latin,  marV/in,  doc'trine,  engine,  erlnine. 
Dis'ci-pline,  her'o-ine,  medl-cine,  moc'ca-sin. 

8.  Justice,  lattice,  no'tice,  service,  novice, 
cow'ard-ice,  dentl-frice,  lic'o-rice,  prejli-dice. 
Ac-com'plice,  ap-pren'tice.  Me-trop'o-lis. 

4.  Cop'y-ist,  du^l-ist,  hu'mor-ist,  mor'al-ist. 
Ag-ri-cult'u-rist,  hor-ti-cultai-rist. 


I  AND  Y,  IN  UNACCENTED  SYLLABLES.    45 

5.  Credit,    edit,    granite,    rab'bit,    sum'mit. 
Active,    massive,    native,    pen'sive,    sportive. 
Ad'jcc-tive,  neg'a-tive,  sed'a-tive,  sub'stan-tive. 
At-ten'tive,  de-scriptlve,  e-va'sive,  in-structlve. 
Of-fen'sive,  pre-ventlve,  re-pulslve,  re-tentlve. 
Com-par'a-tive,  in-finl-tive,   su-perla-tive." 

Bo  careful  to  check  the  slurring  of  the  ny  sound  in  the  last 
syllables  of  the  following  and  similar  words  in  Paragraph  6, 

6.  Awning,     dumpling,    hirelirg,    lodging, 
meaning,   morning,   stocking,  wedding. 

7.  Ac-com'plish,   as-tonlsh,   es-tablish. 

8.  Barley,    en'try,    pantry,    tur'key,    zaliy. 
An'ces-try,  cel'er-y,  lib'er-ty,  po'et-ry,  re'al-ly, 
dy'nas-ty,     proprer-ty,     rev'er-y.      Cemxe-ter-y, 
milli-ner-y,  or'tho-e-py.    Im-piVty,  e-conro-my, 
mo-not'o-ny,  so-liro-quy.      Con-fee  tion-er-y.  — 
Man-ti-fac'to-ry. 

DICTATION  AND  WRITING  EXERCISES. 

1--5.  The  heroine  lost  her  moccasin.  The  cowardice  of  the 
duelist  was  proved.  A  sedative  medicine.  A  hostile  missile. 
The  mercantile  metropolis.  See  my  domicil.  A  preventive 
a^-inst  sickness.  A  granite  block.  The  superlative  degree. 
Choice  dentifrice. 

6 — 8.  A  millinery  and  confectionery  establishment.  I  was 
really  in  a  revery.  Taste  the  celery.  This  morning  I  lost  my 
stocking.  The  hungry  turkey  ran  at  her.  What  is  a  soliloquy  ? 
At  the  wedding  we  sat  under  an  awning.  My  book-case  is  made 
of  mahogany.  We  took  a  walk  in  the  cemetery. 


4f>         0    AND    U,    IN    UNACCENTED    SYLLABLES. 

IV.  0  and  U,  in  Unaccented  Syllables. 

1.  At'om,      free'dom,      sel'dom,      symp'tom. 
Dark'some,  loa/A'some,   lone'some,   tire'some. 

2.  Bi'son,   de'mon,  lem'on,  rib'bon,  wag'on. 

In  the  words  of  Paragraph   3,  the  o  before  final  n  is  un- 
sounded. 

3.  Ba'con,  beck'on,  blazon,  but'ton,   cot'ton, 
crimson,     damson,     glut'ton,     les'son^     ma'son, 
mut'ton,     par'don,     par'son,     per'son,     pri^'on, 
reck'on,  season,  yen'^on  (pronounced  vtrizri). 


In  the  words  of  Paragraph  4,  o  in  the  last  syllable  has  an 
easy  sound  of  e  in  her. 

4.  Act'or,    doctor,    dc/nor,    flaVor,    har'bor, 
ru'mor,      sculpt'or,      succor,      tre'mor,     yic'tor. 
An'ces-tor,      cred'i-tor,      me'te-or,     or'a-tor.  — 
Con-fess'or,    cre-a'tor,    spec-ta'tor,    trans-la'tor. 
Com'ment-a-tor,     gladl-a-tor,     spec'u-la-tor.  — 
Am-bas'sa-dor,     com-petl-tor,     pro-^renl-tor.  — 
Ben-e-fac'tor,   co-ad-ju'tor,  pred-e-ces'sor. 

5.  Dil'a-to-ry,  in'ven-to-ry,  mat'ri-mo-ny.  — 
Pre-par'a-to-ry.      In-ter-rog'a-to-ry. 

6.  Ballot,      fog'ot,      mag'got,      pilot,     ri'ot, 
tur'bot.  —  Charxi-ot,  id'i-ot,   pa'tri-ot. 

7.  Arbum,      al'um,      fiU'crum,      ros'trum.  — 
Bo'nus,     cen'sus,     ci/cus,     gran/pus,     surplus. 
Im'pe-tus,     om'ni-bus,     ra'di-us,     stim'u-lus.  — 
As-par'a-gus.     Ap-pa-ra^us,  sal-e-raxtus. 


0    AND    U,    IN    UNACCENTED    SYLLABLES.          47 

8.  Dex'trous,    fa'mous,    lep'rous,    mon'strous. 
Gen'er-ous,    li'bel-ous,     vil'lain-ous,     m'in-ous. 
Dis-as'trous,  e-nor'mous,  so-no'rous,  sin-is'trous. 
A-non'y-mous,    in-dec'o-rous,    mag-nan'i-mous. 
Cer-e-mo'ni-ous,  rnis-cel-la'ne-ous. 

In  the  following,  ure  has  the  sound  of  yur,  rhyming  with 
her. 

9.  Capture,     cincture,     creat'ure,     culture, 
fail'ure,      feature,     figure,     fixture,  *  flex'ure, 
fract'ure,   fu'ture,   gesture,  joint'ure,    juncture, 
lect'ure,   mixt'ure,    moist/ure,   na'ture,   nurt'ure. 

14.  Ord'ure,  past'ure,  picture,  post'ure, 
punct'ure,  rapt'ure,  rupt'ure,  scripture,  stat'ure, 
sculpture,  stricture,  structure,  tincture. — 
Ad-ventrure,  de-part'ure.  Man-u-fact'ure. 


DICTATION  AND  WRITING  EXERCISES. 

1 — 5.  The  doctor  studied  the  symptoms.  The  sailor  dropped 
the  hawser.  Thank  the  donor.  A  wagon-load  of  ribbons  and 
lemons.  A  lonesome  path.  What  animal's  flesh  is  venison  ? 
The  predecessor  of  the  ambassador  was  the  coadjutor  of  my  ben- 
efactor. Pardon  my  interrogatory.  The  creditors  took  an  in- 
ventory of  his  effects. 

G — 9.  We  vote  by  ballot.  The  omnibus  is  full.  A  villainous 
and  libelous  anonymous  attack.  Place  a  fulcrum  for  the  lever. 
The  asparagus  is  ripe.  He  has  a  sonorous  voice.  We  dislike 
saleratus  in  bread.  A  miscellaneous  assemblage.  A  dextrous 
leap.  Nature  has  favored  this  creature  in  feature,  figure,  and 
stature. 


PART     IV. 


CONSONANT   SOUNDS  AND   SUBSTITUTES. 

Words  in  which  ph  has  the  sound  of  f. 

1.  NYMPH,      phase,      phiz,-     phra.se,     sphere. 
Ci'pher,    dolphin,    graphic,    hy'phen,    phal'anx. 
At'nios-phere,   em'pha-sis,   ep'i-tSph,    pha'e-ton, 
phos'pho-rus,  sym'pho-ny,  proph'e-sy  (when  a  verb). 
De-ci'pher,  phleg-mat'ic,  pho-net'ic,  pro-phetxic. 
Ca-tas'tro-phe,      e-pliem'e-ral,      or-thog'ra-phy. 
Lex-i-cog'ra-phy,   phys-i-og'no-my. 

Words  in  which  x  has  the  sound  of  gz. 

2.  Ex-act7,      ex-empt,      ex-hale,      ex-haust. 
Exr-amlne,     ex-am'ple,     ex-hib'it,     ex-ist'ence. 
Anx-i'e-ty,   ex-u'ber-ance,  lux-u'ri-ant. 

Words  in  which  g  before  e  or  i,  at  the  end  of  an  accented 

syllable,  has  the  sound  of  j. 

- 


3.  Fragile,     frigid,     lof/ic,    ma^/'ic,    pi^'eon, 
ri^/'id,     tragic,     vi^il.       A^l-tate,     re^/'i-ment. 
Li-ti/ious,   re-liyious.     Ley/'is-la-tive. 

4.  Bludgeon,   dud^/eon,   dun^/eon,    gorgeous, 
surgeon,  sturgeon.     Legion,  region.     Pageant. 
E-gre^ious,  out-ra^reous. 


CONSONANT    SOUNDS   AND    SUBSTITUTES.          49 

* 

Words  in  which  ch  has  the  sound  of  k. 

Most  of  the  words  in  which  ch  has  the  sound  of  k  are  from  the  Greek. 
When  arch,  signifying  chief,  begins  a  word  from  the  Greek  language,  and 
is  followed  by  a  vowel,  it  is  pronounced  ark,  as  in  arch'ive,  <fcc. ;  but  when 
arch  is  prefixed  to  a  word  of  French  or  Saxon  origin,  it  is  pronounced  to 
rhyme  with  march  ;  as  in  archbishop,  arch-jiend,  <fec. 

5.  Ache,  chasm,  chord,  chyle,  corach,  school, 
scheme.     Anchor,    archives,   chemist,   dis'tich, 
eeh'o,      ep'och,      lieh'en,      sched'ule,      pibroch, 
schoon'er,  stomach. 

6.  Ar'che-type,      ar'chi-tect,      cat'e-chise.  — 
Arch-an'</el,  cha-otlc,  chi-me'ra.  Meran-chol-y. 
Chi-rog'rarphy,  pa-ro'chi-al.     Ar-chi-pel'a-go. 

Words  in  which  qu  has  the  sound  ofk. 

7.  Conquer,    lacrquer,    liq'uor,    piqruant. — 
Co-quette'.     Et-i-quetter,  mas-quer-ade. 

I  before  q  in  the  following  has  the  sound  of  long  e. 

8.  Pique.     An-tique",    ob-lique,    u-nique. — 
Bur-lesque',  gro-tesque.     Stat-u-esque'. 

Words  in  which  q  ending  a  syllable  has  the  sound  of  k,  and 
the  following  u  the  sound  of  w. 

9.  Aqrue-duct,  aq\ii-line,  eq'ui-ty,  liq'ue-fy, 
liqruid-ate,  req'ui-.site. — In-iqlii-ty,  u-biq'ui-ty, 
an-tiq'ui-ty,   ob-liq'ui-ty. 

Words  ending  with  the  sound  of  1 ;  final  e  unsounded. 

10.  Ap'ple,  daz'zle,  grap'ple,  kin'dle,  noz'zle, 
bram'ble,  dwin'dle,   smuggle,   trem'ble,    tur'tle. 

5 


50          CONSONANT    SOUNDS    AND    SUBSTITUTES. 


Ar'ti-cle,  edl-ble,  i'ci-cle,  spec'ta-cle, 
As-sem'ble,   dis-ci'ple,   em-bez'zle,  re-sem'ble. 

Words  ending  with  m  after  a  consonant* 

11.  Elm,     helm,     prism,     spasm,     whelm.  — 
Critl-cism,  e'go-tism,  mys'ti-cism,   par'ox-ysm. 
Pa'tri-ot-ism,   pla'^/i-a-rism.     Ven-triro-quism 

Words  in  which  n  before  g,  and  before  the  sound  of  k,  has  the 
sound  of  ng  as  in  thing. 

12.  Aft'ger,  clangor,  finger,  hrw'ger,  linger, 
ma/i'go,    mi/z'gle,    shingle,    spangle,    you/z'ger. 
Ankle,  concord,  concourse,  conquer,  tra^-quil. 
De-li/i'quent,   dis-tiTz'guish,  re-li^quish. 


Words  in  which  c  before  e  or  i,  and  ending  a  syllable,  has  the 
sound  of  s  in  sin. 

13.  Acid,  docile,  fac'et,  process,  tacit. 
Dec'i-mal,  pacl-fy,  precxe-dent,  precl-pice. 
Spec'i-men.  Im-pliclt,  so-licit.  Nec'es-sa-ry. 
Fe-licl-ty,  sa-gacl-ty,  shn-plicl-ty,  so-licl-tor. 
Du-o-decl-mo,  ec-cen-tricl-ty. 

Words  in  which  ch  has  the  sound  of  sh  as  in  shine. 

The  digraph  ch,  when  pronounced  tsh,  hidicates  a  purely 
English  word,  as  child,  each;  pronounced  as  sh,  it  implies 
that  the  word  is  from  the  French,  as  chaise,  chagrin  ;  and 


*  Give  the  pure  consonant  sound  of  the  final  m.     Do  not  say  el'wnt 
hel'um,  <fcc. 


CONSONANT    SOUNDS    AND    SUBSTITUTES.          51 

pronounced  as  &,  as  in  monarch,  it  implies  that  the  word  is 
from  the  Greek. 

14.  Chaise.       Char'la-tan,     mar'cluon-ess. — 
Charlotte.      Cha-rade',  cha-grin,  ma-chine.* 

Words  in  which  ce,  ci,  and  sci,  have  the  sound  of  sh. 

15.  Conscious,     an'cient,     o'cean,    specious. 
E-nun'ciate,  ve-ra'cious,  vi-va'cious,  vo-ra'cious. 
Con-tu-ma'cious,   ef-fi- carious,  per-ti-na'cious. 

Words  in  which  ci  has  the  sound  of  sh,  and  is  joined  in  sound 
with  the  ^receding  syllable,  the  final  vowel  of  which  is 
short. 

16.  Previous,  special,  vi'cious.   Aus-pi'cious, 
de-li'cious,  of-fi'cial,  ju-di'cious      Av-a-ri'cious, 
ben-e-fi'cial,        pol-i-ti'cian,        su-per-fi'cial.  — 
A-rith-me-trcian,  math-e-ma-trcian. 

Words  in  which  si  in  sionjinal  has  the  sound  of  sh. 
In  cas'sia,  nau'sea,  nau'seous,  se  and  si  haye  the  sound  of 
sh. 

17.  Man'sion,     pas'sion,     pension,     version. 
Ac-ces'sion,  as-per'sion,  a-ver'sion,  com-pursion, 
de-clen'sion,  pos-sesrsion,  sub-ver'sion. 

Words  in  which  ti  has  the  sound  of  sh. 

18.  Ac'tion,     mention,     par'tial,     quotient. 
A-dop'tion,  af-flic'tion,  ab-lu'tion,  con-sum/tion. 

*  The  i  in  this  word,  also  in  machinery,  chemise,  &G.,  has  the  sound  of 
long  e. 


52          CONSONANT    SOUNDS    AND    SUBSTITUTES. 

de-struc'tion,  in-er'tia,  in-sa'tiate,  sub-scrij3'tion. 
An-nex-a'tion,  </en-u-flec'tion,  ref-or-ma'tion, 
im-i-ta'tion,  sep-a-ra'tion,  su-per-scrip'tion. 
In-oc-u-la'tion,  re-tal-i-a'tion,  ter-#i-ver-sa'tion. 
Cir-cum-nav-i-ga'tion,  su-per-er-o-gu'tion. 

Words  in  which  ti  has  the  sound  of  sh,  and  is  joined  in  pro- 
nunciatio?i  with  the  preceding  syllable,  the  accented  vowel 
of  which  is  short.  + 

19.  N&'tion-al,  ra'tion-al.  Am-bi'tion,  in-i'tial, 
con-di'tion,  dis-cre'tion,  pro-pi'tious,  se-di'tious. 
Com-pe-ti'tion,   op-po-^i'tion,  rec-og-ni'tion. 

Words  in  which  s  before  u  has  the  sound  of  sh. 

20.  Sure.    Censure,  pressure,  su'gar,  siunac. 
As-surrance?  in-surrance. 

Words  in  which  d  has  the  sound  of  t. 

The  \vords  in  which  d  has  the  sound  of  t  are,  for  the  most  part,  either 
the  past  tenses  of  verbs,  or  the  participles  of  verbs,  —  as  plucked,  tossed, 
stepped,  &c.  Now,  the  letter  e  before  d  in  these  words  is  not  sounded  ; 
whence  the  sounds  of  k  in  pluck,  of  *  in  toss,  of  p  in  step,  <fec.,  come  in  im- 
mediate contact  with  the  sound  of  the  letter  d.  But  the  sound  of  the 
letter  d  is  vocal,  whilst  those  of  k,  s,  and  p,  are  aspirate,  ;  so  that  the  com- 
binations kd,  sd,  and  pd,  are  unpronounceable.  Hence  d  is  sounded  as  t. 

21.  Asked,   baked,   danced,    guessed,    inked, 
laughed,     milked,     missed,     puffed,     shocked, 
stamped,    strapped,    tripped,    walked,    washed, 
whipped.     Be-trothed. 


CONSONANT    SOUNDS    AND    SUBSTITUTES.          53 

Words  in  which  th  has  its  aspirate  sound,  as  in  thin. 

22.  Bath,     breath,     month,     myth,     sheath, 
path.      E'ther,    hun'dredth,    sab'bath,    thun'der. 
Ap'a-thy,    ep-i-thet,    lab'y-rinth,   inis'an-thrope. 
A-rith'me-tic,  pa-ren'the-sis,   ther-rnoin'e-ter. 

Words  in  which  th  has  its  vocal  soujid,  as  in  thine. 

23.  Bathe,     baths,     blithe,     breathe,     lithe, 
mouth  (when  a  verb),  mouths,  oaths,  paths,  with. 
Be-queath',  be-neath,  un-sheathe. 

Words  in  ichich  u  has  the  sound  of  w. 

24.  Lan'guaf/e,    languor,   sanguine,   suasion. 
Per-suade'.      Suavl-ty.     Dis-sua'sive. 

Words  in  which  i,  preceded  ly  the  accent,  and  followed  oy 
a  vowel,  has  the  consonant  sound  of  y. 

25.  Anxious,  folio,  Indian,  million,  pinion, 
minion,     poniard,     spaniel,     union,     Valiant. 
Com-panlon,  e-bulllent,  fa-millar,  per-fidlous, 
co-tilllon,  rebellion. 

Words  in  which  s  has  the  sound  of  z. 

S  is  pronounced  like  z  when  it  forms  an  additional  syllable,  with  * 
before  it,  in  the  plural  of  nouns,  and  the  third  person  singular  of  verbs  ; 
as  voices,  ra'rjes.  S  also  takes  the  sound  of  z  when  it  forms  the  plural 
number  or  possessive  case  of  nouns  ending  with  vocal  consonant  sounds  ; 
as  stays,  ribs,  dof/s.  See  Sargent's  Standard  Speller,  page  118. 

26.  Box'es,     wish'es.      Mugs,     loves,     rods. 
Dai'sy,   dis'mal,   ea'sy,  greaxsy. 

5* 


54          CONSONANT    SOUNDS    AND    SUBSTITUTES. 
Words  in  which  s,  si,  and  zi,  have  the  sound  of  z  in  a'zure. 

27.  Fusion,  gla'zier,  hosier,  meas'ure. — 
Com-po'sure,  em-bra'sure,  e-ra'sure,  ex-po'sure, 
fore-closure,  ex-clu'sion,  oc-ca'sion. 


DICTATION  AND  WRITING  EXERCISES. 

'  1 — 5.  The  nymph  has  luxuriant  hair.  A  globe  is  a  sphere. 
Play  the  symphony.  The  litigious  surgeon  loves  a  lawsuit.  Ex- 
amine his  physiognomy.  The  legislature  meets.  A  gorgeous 
pageant.  We  plucked  lichens  from  the  rocks.  Search  the 
archives.  She  wrote  a  distich.  His  stomach  aches. 

6 — 10.  The  architect's  archetype.  The  mechanic's  chirog- 
raphy.  A  wide  archipelago.  A  parochial  tax.  The  coquette 
went  to  the  masquerade.  An  antique  statue.  The  nozzle  of  the 
bellows.  An  aquiline  nose.  The  aqueduct  gives  the  requisite 
supply.  A  dazzling  icicle.  He  embezzled  the  public  funds. 

11 — 15.  The  younger  delinquent  was  contumacious.  The  con- 
course of  people  linger.  The  facets  of  the  prism  glitter.  A 
duodecimo  volume.  Solicit  the  necessary  aid.  A  safe  precedent. 
A  steep  precipice.  Relinquish  that  process.  A  docile  pupil. 
Shingle  the  roof.  She  sprained  her  ankle.  The  chivalrous  char- 
latan took  Charlotte  in  his  chaise.  Guess  the  charade.  An 
auspicious  beginning.  A  precocious  lad.  An  avaricious  politician. 

16 — 20.  The  mansion  is  in  her  possession.  Pay  your  subscrip- 
tion. A  partial  destruction  of  buildings.  Our  separation  was 
by  compulsion.  The  consumption  of  cigars  is  immense.  The 
politician's  tergiversation  was  shameful.  A  work  of  supereroga- 
tion. The  circumnavigation  of  the  globe. 

21 — 24.  We  bathe  in  baths.  Here  lie  our  paths.  Yesterday 
here  lay  an  ox.  We  then  lay  down  to  rest,  but  first  laid  down 
our  guns.  Let  us  lie  down  now.  Benea/A  green  trees.  She  has 
a  pretty  mouth,  but  need  not  make  mou/As.  Why  does  she 
mouth  when  she  speaks  ?  His  language  is  sanguine  ;  his  temper 
ebullient.  Unsheathe  the  poniard.  The  Indian  had  a  spaniel. 


P  A II  T   V. 

SILENT  LETTERS. 

WORDS  are  said  to  be  silent  when  they  are  unsounded  in 
pronunciation,  though  introduced  in  spelling  and  writing. 

Words  in  which  b  is  silent. 

1.  Climb,  comb,  crumb  (or  cram),  debt,  doubt, 
dumb,  jamb,   lamb,  limb,  numb,  plumb,  tomb. 
Sub'tle.     Re-doubt'. 

Words  in  which  c  and  ch  are  silent.^ 

2.  Drachm,    yacht.*     Victuals,  vict'ual-er.f 
In-diet'.      Schis-mat'ie.     Schism. 

Words  in  which  d  is  silent. 

3.  Hand'some,  Wednesday.     Hand'ker-chief. 

Words  \  in  which  gaud  gh  are  silent. 

4.  Gnarl,     gnash,     gnat,      gnaw,      phlegm. 
Ar-raign',   cam-paigri,  con-dign,  'im-pugn. 

Words  in  which  h  is  silent.  § 

5.  Heir,    hour.     Asth'ma,    gher'kin,   hon'est, 
hon'or,  isth'mus,  rhu'barb.     Rhet'o-ric. 

*  See    page    32.  f  Pronounce  vit'tlz,  vit'ler. 

^  Many  of  these  words,  being  under  other  heads,  are  not  placed  here. 
The  g  is  silent  in  oppwjn,  mahynt  benign,  &G.  ;  but  its  sound  is  resumed  in 
cppug'nancy,  malignant,  &C. 

§  The  teacher  is  referred  to  Sargent's  Standard  Speller,  page  120. 


56  SILENT    LETTERS. 

K  is  always  silent  before  n  in  the  same  syllable. 

6.  Knack,  knave,  knee,   knell,   knit,  knock, 
knoll,  knout.     Knapsack,  knuckle,  knur'ly. 

Words  in  which  1  is  silent.     (See  page  18.) 

7.  Calm,  alms,  balm,  calf,  half,  palm,  jpsalm, 
qualm.     Al'mond,  palm'y.     Folks.     Salm'on. 

M  is  silent  in  mne-mon'ic  ;  n  is  silent  in  the  following. 

8.  Hymn,     kiln,    limn.     Au'tumn,    coFnmn, 
sol'emn.     Con-demn',  con-temn.     Con-demn'ing. 

Words  in  which  p  is  silent.* 

9.  Tempt.     Emp'ty,  pseu'do.     Ke-ceipt7. 

Words  in  which  s  is  silent. 

10.  Aisle,  isle,  isl'and,  vis'count. 

Words  in  ivh-ich  t  is  silent   (final  e  also  silent]. 

11.  Bris'tle,  cas'tle,  gris'tle,   mi/tle,  nesrtle, 
pes'tle,      rus'tle,      tres'tle,     whis'tle,     ^res'tle. 
Chestnut,     Christ'mas,     hustler,     mort'g;u/e. — 
Mw'tle-toe.     A-pos'tle,   e-pis'tle. 

In  the  following,  both  t  and  the  following  e  are  unsounded. 
Sayo/X  sofn,  &c. 

12.  Chasten,      christen,      fasten,      glist'en, 
hast'en,  list'en,  moisten,   oft'en,  soften. 

*  Phthis'ic  we  pronounce  tiz'ik  ;  phthi'sis,  ti'sis. 


SILENT    LETTERS.  57 

Words  in  which  ue  is  silent. 

13.  Brogue,  fugue,  league,  plague,  rogue, 
tongue,  vague,  vogue.  Masque,  mosque, 
pique.  Colleague,  eclogue,  prologue.  — 
Fa-tigue',  in-trigue,  ob-lique,  u-nique.  — 
Ha-rangue',  o-paque,  pro-rogue.  Ap'o-logue, 
cat'a-logue,  dem'a-gogue,  di'a-15gue,  ep'i-logue. 

Words  in  which  w  is  silent. 

14  Whole,  whom,  whoop,  whose,  wrap, 
wrath,  wreak,  wreath,  wreck,  wren,  wrench, 
wrest,  wretch,  wru/At,  wry.  Wholesome, 
an'swer,  wra/i'gle,  wrig'gle,  wri^'kle.  A- wry'. 


DICTATION  AND  WRITING   EXERCISES. 

1 — 4.  Climb  the  redoubt.  Her  limbs  are  nu'mb  with  cold. 
Out  of  debt,  out  of  danger.  The  jury  will  indict  the  victualcr 
on  Wednesday.  Arraign  the  subtle  schismatic.  A  handsome 
handkerchief.  A  gnarled  oak.  A  poignant  malady.  My  foreign 
neighbor.  A  crumb  of  bread.  We  impugn  his  malign  state- 
ment. The  campaign  is  ended. 

5 — 0.  The  knave  had  an  empty  knapsack.  The  pseudo  heir 
Avas  eondignly  punished.  The  folks  sang  psalms  and  hymns.  In 
condemning  him  to  the  knout  they  gave  him  his  de-Herts'.  The 
calf  was  lost  in  a  lime-kiln.  Receipt  the  bill  for  the  salmon  and 
almonds.  Give  alms  freely.  Split  the  knurly  log. 

10 — 14.  Mistletoe  was  hung  in  the  castle  of  the  viscount  on 
Christmas.  The  trestle  of  the  bridge  was  broken  down.^  We 
wrestlo,  but  do  not  wrangle.  We  have  a  mortgage  on  that  island. 
The  meat  is  too  full  of  gristle.  Soften  and  moisten  it  often. 
Hear  the  hostler  whistle.  Prorogue  the  harangue  of  the  dema- 
gogue. He  looked  awry.  She  gave  a  wrong  answer.  At  our 
last  exhibition  we  had  a  prologue,  an  epilogue,  and  a  dialogue. 


PART    VI. 


MISCELLANEOUS  DICTATION  EXERCISES. 

I.  Containing  Words  Sounded  Alike,  but  Spelled 
Differently. 

THE  words  to  be  distinguished  in  the  spelling  are  printed 
in  italics  in  the  following  Exercises. 

1.  He  adds  the  cost  of  the  adz  to  that  of  the  hatchet.     What- 
e'er  can  ail  the  heir  to  the  estate,  it  is  not  want  of  good  air  :  the 
ale  he  drank  ere  he  caine  here  did  him  no  good,  I  think.     We  can 
make  all  the  holes  with  an  awl.     1  'II  al'trr  the  al'tar  and  the 
aisle  of  the  chapel  on  the  isle.     The  ship's  arichor  lay  on  an 
an' her  of  wine.     I  as-sent'  to  your  making  the  as-cenl'.     She  ate 
eight  pies.     We  may  au'yur  well  of  her  appetite.     Bore  with  an 
au'yer. 

2.  The  laid  man  bawled  for  his  dinner.     I  bade  the  bad  boy  bail 
out  the  boat,  and  throw  over  the  bale  of   cotton.     The  court 
admitted  the  thief  to  bail.     Captain  Kane  found  a  bear's  skin 
better  than  a  bare  skin.     They  made  a  base  attack  on  the  bass 
singer.     "  Beat    that   beet,"  said    the  farmer.     Let   the  bee  be. 
Beer  brought  him  to  his  bier.     We  found  a  beech-treQ  near  the 
beach. 

3.  The  belle  rang  the  bell.     A  rat  has  been  in  the  corn-bin.     "We 
took  a  bite  in  the  bight.     The  bold'cr  of  the  two  men  climbed  the 
bowld'cr.     The  wind  blew  till  I  was  blue  in  the  face.     The  wild 
boar  bore  Quarks  of  a  wound.     We  bored  a  hole  in  the  board. 
They  have  borne  him  to  his  long  bourn.     The  lean  bent  the  bow, 
and  made  a  bow  to  her  from  the  bough. 

4.  The  deer  can  break  through  the  l/ralic.     With  the  breech  of 
a  gun  they  made  a  breach  in  the  wall.     She  was  too  well-bred  to 
refuse  the  bread.     Broach  the  subject  of  the  loss  of  my  brooch. 
They  bruise  the  malt  while  she  brews.     The  bruit  is  that  the  brute 
attacked  you.     He  tried  to  make  me  a  butt  for  his  ridicule,  but 


MISCELLANEOUS    DICTATION    EXERCISES.          59 

in  vain.     We  buy  coffee  by  the  pound.     Bury  Ihe  seeds  of  the 
berry. 

5.  We  calender  the  paper  for  that  calendar.     He  fears  a  canon 
of  the  church,  not  a  cannon-ball.     Canvass  the  subject  under 
this  canvas  tent.     She  lost  caste  when  they  cast  her  off.     Cede 
the  seed  to  me.    The  ceil'ing  fell  as  I  was  sealing  a  letter.     Sell  ine 
the  potatoes  in  the  cell'ar. 

6.  I  was  sent  for  a  cent's  worth  of  rose-water  to  scent  pomatum. 
The  sear*  leaf  fell  on  the  head  of  the  seer.     At  its  last  scs'swn, 
Congress  made  a  cession  of  land  to  the  In'dians.     They  afe  me  to 
take  sight  of  the  site  for  the  mill.     The  cat's  claws.     A  clause  in 
a  will.     In  that  cold  clime  the  natives  climb  the  rocks.     In  the 
course  of  my  life  I  never  ate  such  coarse  bread. 

7.  They  compliment  him  on  having  got  his  complement  of  men. 
The  chord  of  the  harp  broke.     Buy  a  cord  of  wood.     Tie  it  with 
a  cord.     The  core  of  an  apple.     A  gal'lant  corps  of  men.     I  left 
my  coat  in  the  sheep-cote.     You  can  not  cozen  my  fair  cousin. 
Our  masts  creak  as  we  sail  on  the  creek.     The  crews  go  on  a 
whaling  cruise.     The  cru'el  girl  threw  a  crew'el  at  me.     My  sig'- 
net  ring  has  the  figure  of  a  cyg'nct. 

8.  Deign  to  hear  the  Dane.     The  Jeer  proved  a  Je0r  purchase. 
My  cold  is  Jwe  to  the  heavy  dew.     We  all  must  die.     Dye  the 
cloth.     The  dyer  met  with  dire  loss.     The  Joe  ran.     Bake  the 
dough.     A   draught    horse.     Draft  a   sketch.     A  dun   color.     I 
have    done   my  best.    .Why  dost   thou  stir  the  dust?     Put  the 
money  you  e«rn  in  this  urn.     1  had  an  eye  on  you  and  on  the  old 
ewe  under  the  yew- tree. 

9.  They  would  fain  feign  to  build  a  fane.     Her  attempt  to 
faint  was  a  mere  feint.     Farewell,  my  yii/r  friend.     It  was  our 
fate  to  meet  at  a  grand  fete.    What  &fcat  to  paint  a  picture  with 
one's  feet !     Filter  the  water.     A  fi/lip  for  Philip's  philter  !    Flee 
from  fhejlea.     You  ^nd  \\sfincd  for  smoking. 

10.  Birds^/?eM>  up  ihejlue.     Put  the^/?ower-pot  on  the_/fowr-bar- 
rel.     The/or/e  of  the  men  at  the/or/  was  drinking.     Four  times 
the  fore  horse  stumbled,  and  the  fourth  time  I  looked  forth.     A 

*  Also  spelled  sere. 


60          MISCELLANEOUS    DICTATION    EXERCISES. 

foul  deed.  A  fat  fowl.  We  fought  in  a  dozen  frays ;  and,  in 
vulgar  phrase,  were  "  used  up."  Dew-drops  freeze  on  the  frieze 
of  the  column.  A  fur  cloak  on  a  ^r-tree.  Wrapt  in  furs,  we 
climbed  a  hill  covered  with  furze. 

11.  He  went  through  the  gate  at  an  unsteady  gait.     The  sign 
was  gilt.     Her  guilt  was  proved.     Make  a  great  fire  in  the  grate. 
A  grease  spot.     The  wise  men  of  Greece.     He  grieves  because  the 
greaves  of  his  armor  are  spoiled 

12.  "Hail  to  the  A<22/-storm  !  "  said  the  hale  man.     Haul  the 
cable  into  the  hall.     We  found  a  hair  in   the  hare  soup.     An 
arrow  pierced  the  heart  of  the  running  hart.     7/eyday  !     The  hay 
is  cut !     Heal  his  sore  Aee/.     Come  here ;  do  you  hear?     I  heard 
a  wolf  among  the  /icrrf.     Tell  7/u#A  to  hew  down  that  tree  of  a 
dark  hue. 

13.  /Tic  to  the  shore  ;  it  is  high  tide.     Hear  him  sing  a  hymn. 
They  will  hire  me  at  higher  wages.     A  horde  of  thieves  stole  our 
little  hoard  of  money.     Dig  a  hole  for  the  w?Ao/e  carcass.     None 
are  wholly  ho'ly.     Boys  whoop  after  me  as  I   drive  hoop.      Our 
hour  is  ended.     Huz-za' !  cried  the  hus-sar1.     I  sit  m  the  inn  and 
in-ditef.     The  jury  will  in-diet'  him.     They  in-veighed'  against  the 
in-vad'ers.     You  will  ^"aw  your  finger  against  the  ^'tf/?z£  of  that 
door.     It  is  just  time  for  tho^'oHs*. 

14.  I  gave  the  colonel  a  kern' el  of  corn.     I  lost  my  watch-A'cy 
on  the  quay.     The  knave  tried  to  kill  me  in  the  lime-A-z/n  with  the 
nave  of  a  wheel.     Knead  the  bread  ;  you  will  need  it.     We  knew 
the  new  doctor.     The  knight  rode  by  night.     We  can  no£  untie 
the  A'THtf.     He  laid  down  his  gun,  and  began  to  lade  the  ship.     He 
had  not  lain  long  in  the  lane  when  we  passed.     The  cat  laps  milk. 
We  heeded  not  the  lapse  of  time.     On  our  lee  was  a  green  lea. 
He  leaches  the  ashes.     Leeches  in  a  jar. 

15.  Would  you  as  lief  sis  not  tear  out  this  leaf?     Stop  the  leak. 
John  ate  a  /eeA'.     He  led  me  through  a  lead  mine.     T/ea/i  on  my 
arm.    I  have  a  lien  on  his  estate.    Lestfenvthe  length  of  my  les'son. 
The  lev'y  of  troops  is  on  the  levee.     Lie  down.     Of  lye  we  make 
soap.     Limn  that  bare  limb  of  the  oak.     The  lynx  broke  the  links 
of  his  chain.     The  cows  lowed  because  of  their  heavy  load.     The 


MISCELLANEOUS    DICTATION    EXERCISES.          61 

lone  woman  asked  me  to  loan  money.  Loch  Lomond.  Lock  the 
door.  Lo  !  low  lies  the  hero.  Shame  on  the  liar !  The  music 
of  the  lyre. 

16.  The  maid  made  a  coat  of  mail  for  the  male  warrior.     I  held 
on  to  the  horse's  mane  with  might  and  main.     The  lord  of  the 
manor  has  a  gracious  man'ner.     Mark  this  letter  of  marque.     The 
marshal  has  a  mar'tial  air.     I  was  in  a  maze  to  see  the  growth  of 
the  maize.     Your  meed  shall  bo  a  glass  of  mead.     The  thief  had 
a  mean  mien.     Mete  out  the  meat  to  the  men  that  meet  here.     The 
mi' nor  son  means  to  be  a  mi'ner.     We  missed  you  in  the  7ras£. 

17.  Might  I  taste  a  mite?   The  mowers  rao<m  the  loss  of  the  new- 
mown  hay.     Describe  the  mode  in  which  they  mowed.     A  /note  in 
the  eye.     A  moat  is  a  ditch.     Q  Muse !  the  cat  mews.     Horses 
neigh.    I  voted  nay.     A  nz'ce  pie.     The  rock  was  of  gneiss.    None 
knew  the  nun.      OVr  the  lake  we  went  with  one  oan,  and  some 
iron  ore  for  ballast.     The  one  who  won  sang  an  ode.     lie  owed  me 
money.      O  ho  !  did  \\Q  owe  you  ? 

18.  With  a  pale  face  Paul  dropped  the  pail.     Sweets  pall. 
With  pain  we  saw  the  broken  pane.     Pare  the  pear  with  a  pair 
of  scissors.     Pause  before  you  touch  the  cat's  paws.     He  wrote  a 
piece  in  favor  of  peace.     He  climbed  a  high  peak.     Your  feeling 
of  pique  was  wrong.     A  peal  of  thunder.     Peel  the  orange.     A 
pearl  shell.     Streams  pwr/.     The  noble  peer  built  a  per.     It  is 
plain  the  ;;/«?ze  is  dull. 

19.  Plait  the  napkin   for  the  plate.     Please  hear  our  pleas. 
With  a  plumb  line  wo  measured  the  plum-tree.     We  paid  our 
poll-tax,  and  got  a  pole  for  beans.    -He  pores  over  a  book.     She 
pours  out  tea.     The  pores  of  the  skin.     Pray  shoot  that  bird  of 
prey.     Pumicc-stonQ  is  a  different  thing  from  the  pomace  of  apples. 
We  picked  up  ten  quarts  of  gold  quartz.     The  choir  sang.     There 
are  24  sheets  in  a  quire  of  paper. 

20.  In  the  reign  of  King  John,  who  ruled  with  a  tight  rein, 
the  rain  fell  heavily.     The  soldiers  raise  their  fliig,  and  go  forth 
to  burn  and  raze  in  the  sun's  rays.      Wrap  up  well,  and  rap  on 
the  door.     He  read  the  red  book  through.     We  will  read  about 
the  ree^  shaken  by  the  wind.     What  reck  we  of  the  ship's  wreck? 

6 


62          MISCELLANEOUS    DICTATION    EXERCISES. 

While  they  reek  with  blood  they  wreak  on  us  their  wrath.  "We 
can  wrest  their  arms  from  the  rest  of  the  robbers.  The  emetic 
made  the  wretch  retch.  The  rime  is  on  the  withered-  grass  The 
verses  rhyme  well.  Ring  the  bell.  Wring  out  the  towel. 

21.  The  wheeUerig^J  can  write  right  well.     A  rite  of  the  church. 
"VVe  rode  along  the  road,  while  they  rowed  on  the  canal.     Row 
after  the  roe  of  that  fish.     I  learned  by  rote  what  I  wrote.     A 
rough  wind  blew  off  my  ruff.     Our  route  lay  over  upturned  roots. 
He  made* a  wry  face  at  our  rye  bread. 

22.  The  50*7  of  this  sloop  is  for  sale.     A  lively  scene  we  have 
seen  —  fish  caught  in  a  seine.     See  the  sea.     Does  the  scam  seem 
wide  ?     He  sees  them  seize  ships  on  the  high  seas.     The  scr/"  was 
lost  in  the  surf.     We  found  his  coat  of  serge  in  the  roaring  surge. 
It  is  sheer  cruelty  to  shear  sheep  in  winter.     The  picture  was 
shown  white  the  sun  shone  on  it. 

23.  She  sighed  because  of  a  pain  in  her  side.     He  tried  to  scull 
the  boat,  but  fell  and  hurt  his  skull.     They  strove  to  slay  him  as 
he  got  out  of  his  sleigh.     They  slew  him,  but  could  not  slue  the 
sleigh  round.     You  slight  my  sleight  of  hand.     We  picked  sloe- 
berries  at  a  slow  rate.     My  sole  shoe  has  no  sole.     The  immortal 
soul.     Sow  the  seed  so  ;   then  sew  my  dress.     Birds  soar.     My 
wound  is  sore.     The  staid  maid  stayed  some  time. 

.24.  She  stood  on  the  stair  to  stare.  We  drove  a  stake  in  the 
ground,  and  then  ate  a  beef-steak.  He  tried  to  steal  my  j;ee/ 
chain.  I  leaped  over  the  stile  in  good  style.  We  sailed  straight 
for  the  s/r«?7.  Unbend  and  straight' en  the  bow.  Your  expenses 
will  strait' en  your  means.  In  the  suite  of  the  sweet  princess  were 
several  ladies.  If  you  would  succor  the  tree,  cut  down  that 
sucker.  Some  boys  skip  that  sum.  Rise  with  the  sun,  my  son. 

25.  Tear  up  the  tares.  He  told  a  tale  of  a  fox's  taz7.  Is  there 
much  of  a  tax  on  tacks  ?  As  we  drove  our  team  through  the 
swamp,  the  air  seemed  to  teem  with  mosquitos.  With  a  tear  she 
looked  at  the  tier  of  guns.  Their  friends  were  there.  I  threw 
a  stone  through  a  window.  I  felt  a  throe  of  pain  as  I  strove  to 
throw  it.  The  king's  throne  was  thrown  down.  The  boat  was 
tied,  but  the  rapid  tide  bore  it  away. 


MISCELLANEOUS    DICTATION    EXERCISES.          63 

26.  It  is  time  to  pluck  the  thyme.     I  lowed  the  boat  to  the  hole 
of  the  old  toad.     Wrap  tow  round  your  sore  toe.     I  told  the  sex- 
ton ;  he  tolled  the  bell ;  and  we  then  toled  along  the  fish  by  throw- 
ing bait.     We  tracked  him  through  a  desert  tract.     She  put  the 
trey  of  clubs  on  the  t&a,-tray.     You  will  need  no  veil  (or  vail)  in 
this  shady  vale.     He  burst  a  vein  in  the  vain  attempt  to  reach  the 
vane  on  the  steeple. 

27.  AYe  weighed  the  boy  who  went  to  wade  in  the  stream.     The 
lash  made  him  wail,  and  left  a  wale  on  his  flesh.     The  moon 
began  to  wane  before  the  wain  arrived.      Wait  till  I  know  my 
weight.     She  will  waste  health  in  trying  to  make  her  waist  slen- 
der.    The  tin  ware  will  wear  well.      Wave  the  flag,  and  waive  the 
question.      Weigh  well  the  choice  of  your  way  of  life.     She  has 
been  weak  all  the  week.     It  is  time,  I  ween,  to  wean  the  infant. 
The  bell-wether  likes  this  sunny  weather.     I  would  like  a  cord  of 
wood. 


II.  Sentences  containing  Words  Nearly  Similar  in  Sound. 

1.  Give  alms  to  the  man  with  broken  arms.     His  bridal  day. 
A  saddle  and  bridle.     Calk  the  seams  with  strips  of  cork.     In  the 
xapi-tol  I  saw  a  cap'i-tal  picture.     We  weigh  gold,  not  car'rots,  by 
cdr'ats.     The  censor  swung  a  cen'ser.     In  a  fit  of  chol'er  he  tore 
my  fur  collar.     The  current  price  of  currants.     As  a  symbol  of 
his  profession  he  drew  a  pair  of  cymbals. 

2.  Do   not   de-serf  our   des-scrt'  so   soon.     You  for'mer-hj  ad- 
dressed   me    lees  for'mal-ly.       Lambs  gambol;    rogues  gam'ble. 
Gristly  meat  for  the  gris'ly  bear.     Fashion  is  the  idol  of  the  idle. 
She  began  to  laud  Lord  Byron.     They  rubbed  his  lme-a-ments 
with  lin'i-ment.     Like  a  man  of  met' tie,  he  dug  up  the  rnet'al. 

3.  He  hit  the  pis' til  of  my  flower  with  his  pistol.     I  pit'ied  the 
man  pitted  by  small-pox.     His  prin'ci-pal  prin'ci-ple  seemed  to  be* 
one  of  frugality.     The  prophet  found  no.  prof  it  in  his  own  coun- 
try.    We  sought  a  sort  of  gluey  substance.     The  stationer  had  a 
sta'tion-a-ry  cart,  where  he  sold  sta'tion-er-y.     It  was  the  vial  of 
sirup,  not  the  bass-fi'W,  that  she  broke. 


64  MISCELLANEOUS    DICTATION    EXERCISES. 

III.  Sentences  containing  Words  Differing  in  Accent. 

See  remarks  on  Accent,  page  6.  Many  English  words,  spelled  alike,  are 
distinguished  only  by  the  accent. 

1.  He  was  ah' sent  by  accident ;  but  they  ob-sent'  themselves  on 
purpose.    They  tried  to  ab-stran'  my  ab'stract  of  his  sermon.     The 
cem'cnt  is  good,  but  you  cc-mcnt'  the  place  badly.     Heed  the  ac- 
cent, and  try  to  ac-cent'  all  words  aright. 

2.  The  escort  could  es-cort'  him  no  farther.     Birds  fre-yucnf 
this  tree  ;  we  \&r& frtfquent  songs.     They  tried  to  in-sult'  me  ;  no 
in'sult  could  move  me.     Pre-scnt'  the  present.     I  pro-test'  against 
his  protest.     The  rebel  tried  again  to  rc-bel'.     Sur-vcy'  the  coast ; 
his  survey  was  unsatisfactory. 

In  a  number  of  words  the  nouns  have  the  closing  s  aspirate  (as  in  so)y 
while  the  verbs  have  it  soft  (as  in  his).  The  following  are  examples  : 
A-buse',  a-buse  ;  close,  close  ;  dif-fuse',  dii-fu.se'  ;  ex-cuse',  ex-cuse'; 
grease,  grease  ;  house,  house  ;  mouse,  mouse  ;  use,  use,  &c. 

In  the  following  words  the  c  in  the  noun  becomes  an  s  in  the  verb  :  ad- 
vice, ad-vise  ;  de-vice,  devise  ;  proph'e-cy,  propkc-sy.  To  these  words  most 
lexicographers  add  practice,  practise.  Webster  spells  both  noun  and  verb 
alike  ;  namely,  prac'tice. 

The  th  in  teeth,  as  a  plural  noun,  is  aspirate  (as  in  thin)  •  as  a  verb,  it 
is  vocal  (as  in  this).  The  i  in  live,  when  an  adjective,  is  long  ;  when  a 
verb,  it  is  short. 

IV.  Sentences  containing  Miscellaneous  Words,  Exercises 

in  Writing  the  Possessive  Case,  Contractions, 

Punctuation-Marks,  &c. 

1.  We  chose  sep'a-rate  paths.     Our  in-struct'or  rode.     Their 
Ex'cel-len-cies,  the  Governors,  have  many  ex'cel-len-ces  of  charac- 
ter.    A   pre-vent'ive  against   sea-sickness.      She  pledged   me  to 
se'cre-cy.     Grate  the  cirina-mon.     Parsnips,  turnips,  and  cau'li- 
Jlowcr.    They  as-siyri  their  property.    They  made  an  as-siyri  merit. 
The  as-siy-na'tion  was  kept. 

2.  The  boy's  sled  was  broken.     The  boys'  sleds  were  broken. 
Ladies1  and  gentlemen's  shoes.     Ducks'  feet  are  webbed.    I  said  it 
was  Mr.  Adam's  book,  not  Mr.  Adams's.  Hear  the  sound  of  horses1 
feet. 


MISCELLANEOUS    DICTATION    EXERCISES.          65 

3.  'T is  dark.     They 're not  here  yet.     I've  fallen.     Doesn't 
it   rain?      You've   done  well.      I    hadn't    time.     They   weren't 
there.      You  're  pale.      Wliate'er  the  danger,  we  'It  go.     Shan't 
we  meet  ?      O'er   the   hills.      Thou  'dst  Better  walk.     Is  n't   lie 
here  ?      WAere  's  my  hat  ?     We  have  n't  a  minute.     Are  n't  they 
cold?     That 'sit.     Don't  is  a  contraction  of  t/o  no/,  and  not  of 
does  not. 

4.  To  rise  early  in  the  morning,  when  you  are  in  good  health, 
is  the  way  to  have  time  to  do  all  your  business  well ;  but,  to  be 
able  to  rise  early,  you  must  go  to  bed  early  :  the  mind  requires 
rest  as  well  as  the  body. 

5.  What  a  shame  is  it  to  see  (in  tho  month  of  May,  for  in- 
stance) a  boy  lounging  in  bed,  while  the  birds  are  offering  their 
songs  to  charm  his  ears,  and  on  the  dew-decked  hedges  are  mil- 
lions of  brilliants  to  charm  his  eyes  !     What  are  Solomon's  words 
on  the  subject?     They  are  these:  "  How  long  wilt  thou  sleep, 
0  sluggard  !  -when  wilt  thou  arise  out  of  thy  sleep?     Yet  a  little 
sleep,  a  little  slumber,  a  little  folding  of  the  hands  to  sleep  :  so 
shall  thy  poverty  come  as  one  that  traveleth,  and  thy  want  as 
an  armed  man." 

6.  Alexander  the  Great  and  William  the  Conqueror  were  but 
fallible  men.     Newton,  Franklin,  Washington,  Napoleon, —  dif- 
ferent as  they  were  in  many  respects, —  wrere  all  renowned  as  hard 
workers.     In  the  year  MDCCCLIX  we  hope  to  travel.     America 
was  discovered  A.  D.  1492. 

7.  He  had  a  large  MS.  volume  in  his  pocket.     Send  me  all  the 
MSS.  in  your  possession.     Messrs.  Metcalf  &  Lawrence  wrote  us, 
on  the  10th  ult.,  that  the  goods  should  be  forwarded  at  once  ;  and 
now  it  is  the  7th  inst.     What  do  the  letters  P.  S.  at  the  end  of  a 
letter  signify  ? 

8.  He  made  an  ex-tem'po-re  address.    I  put  the  da-guerre'o-type 
in  my  porte-mon-naie'.     The  bou-quet'  (boo-kay')  and  the  bil-let- 
doux  (biUla-doo )  were  sent.     The  Rev.  Mr.  Scott,  Capt.  Leroy, 
Mr.  Clay,  M.C.,    Mr.  Hume,  M.P.,    Col.   Lane,    Lieut.   Kane, 
Gen.  Wool,  and  Henry  Hone,  Jr.,  were  of  the  party.     Lieut 
Simonson,  R.N.,  sailed  in  H.  B.  M.'s  ship  the  Resolute. 

6* 


PAKT     VII. 


RULES  FOR   SPELLING. 

1.  "Words  of  one  syllable,  ending  with  any  consonant  but  F, 
Ii,  or  S,  preceded  by  a  single  vowel,  do  not  double  the  final 
consonant. 

EXAMPLES. — Bed,  cap,  dot,  ham,  man,  rod. 
EXCEPTIONS.  —  Add,  burr,  butt,  buzz,   ebb,  egg,  err, 
inn,  odd. 

2.  Words  of  one  syllable,  ending  with  F,  L,  or  S,  preceded 
by  a  single  vowel,  double  the  final  consonant.    * 

EXAMPLES.  —  Class,   doll,  full,  puff,  stiff. 
EXCEPTIONS.  —  As,  has,  his,  if,  is,  gas,  of,  this,  thus, 
yes,  us,  was. 

3.  ~W6rds  ending  in  silent  E  drop  E  on  taking  an  additional 
syllable  beginning  with  a  vowel. 

EXAMPLES.  —  Blame,  bla'ma-ble  ;  brute,  bru'tish  ;  cure, 
cur'a-ble  ;  dis-pute',  dis'pu-ta-ble ;  grieve,  griev'ance  ; 
have,  hav'ing ;  move,  mov'a-ble ;  plague,  pla'guy ; 
re-vive',  re-vi'val ;  sale,  sa'la-ble ;  sense,  sens'i-ble  ; 
val'ue,  val'u-a-ble. 

EXCEPTIONS.  —  A-gree'a-ble,  change' a-ble,  charge' a-ble, 
dam'a^e-a-ble,  man'a#e-a-ble,  no'tice-a-ble,  peace'a-ble, 
ser'vice-a-ble,  trace' a-ble. 

Words  ending  in  ge  and  ce  retain  e  before  able,  in  order  to  preserve  the 
soft  sounds  of  <j  and  c  (the  sounds  of  j  and  *);  as,  changeable,  peaceable,  <fcc. 
We  write  singeing,  spnngeing,  and  swingeing,  to  distinguish  these  words 
from  singing,  springing,  and  swinging. 

Dye  has  dyeing,  to  distinguish  it  from  dying  J  but  eye  has  eying. 

The  e  is  retained  in  verbs  ending  in  oe  and  ee  ;  as,  shoe,  shoeing  /  hoe, 
hoeing  j  toe,  toeing  j  see,  seeing  j  agree,  agreeing,  Ac. 


RULES    FOR    SPELLING.  67 

Words  ending  with  c  hard  insert  k  before  a  syllable  beginning  with  e  or 
i,  to  preserve  the  hard  sound  ;  as,  frol'ic,  frolicked,  frolick-ing  ;  phys'ic, 
phys'icked,  phys'ick-ing. 

Words  ending  in  ie  change  the  ie  into  y  on  adding  ing  ;  as,  vie,  vying  ; 
tie,  ty'my  ;  lie,  lying  ;  hie,  hying  ;  die,  dying. 

4.  "Words  ending  in  silent  E  generally  retain  E  on  receiving 
an  additional  syllable  beginning  with  a  consonant. 

EXAMPLES.  —  A-chieve',  a-chieve'ment ;  care,  care'less; 
com-mence',  com-mence'ment ;  hope,  hope'fui ;  lame, 
lame' ness ;  late,  late'ly  ;  move,  move'ment ;  wise, 
wise'ly. 

EXCEPTIONS.  —  Aw'ful;  ar'gu-ment,  a-brid</ment,  ac- 
knowledgment, judgment,  du  ly,  truly,  wholly. 

5.  "Words  ending  in  Y,  preceded  by  a  consonant,  change  the 
Y  into  I  before  any  augment  but  'S,  or  one  beginning  with  1. 

EXAMPLES.  —  Cry,  cried,  cri'est,  cries,  cri'eth  ;  de-ny, 
de-nied,  &c.  ;  hap'py,  hap'pi-er,  hap 'pi-eat,  hap'pi-ly ; 
pit'y,  pit'i-ful,  pit'i-less  ;  bu.s-'y,  bu.s-'i-ness. 

EXCEPTIONS. — Dry,  dry'er,  dry'est,  dry'ing,  dry'ly, 
dry'ness  ;  shy,  shy'iiig,  shy'ly,  shy'ness. 

6.  W^hen  a  vowel  precedes  Y  final,  or  when   ING  is  added, 
the  Y  is  generally  retained. 

EXAMPLES.  —  Be-tray',  be-trays,  be-trayed,  be-tray'er, 
be-tray'ing ;  gay,  gay'ly,  gay'e-ty ;  play,  plays,  played, 
play'er,  play'ing  ;  re-ply,  re-ply'lng* ;  spy,  spy'ing. 

EXCEPTIONS. — Laid,  lain,  paid,  said,  saitli,  and  most 
of  their  compounds.  Dai'ly. 

7.  Words  of  one  syllable,  and  words  accented  on  the  laat  syl- 
lable,  ending  with   a   single   consonant,    preceded   by   a  single 
vowel,  double  that  consonant  on  taking  an  augment  beginning 
with  a  vowel. 

EXAMPLES.  —  Blot,  blot' ted,  blot'ting  ;  per-mit',  per- 
mit'ted,  per-mit'ting ;  beg,  beg' gar  ;  big,  big'ger, 


68  RULES    FOR    SPELLING. 

big'gest ;  drum,  drum'mer;  glad,  glad'der,  glad' clest; 
gum,  gum'my ;  rob,  rob'ber ;  skin,  skin'ny.  (In  the 
following,  and  many  other  words,  when  ed  is  added,  the 
e  before  the  final  d  is  silent.)  Con-trol',  con-trolled; 
ex-pel,  ex-pelled  ;  hop,  hopped  ;  hum,  hummed  ;  pro-pel, 
pro-pelled  ;  sin,  sinned. 

EXCEPTIONS.  —  The  derivatives  of  gas  have  only  one 
s ;  as  gases,  gas'i-fij.  X,  y,  and  k,  are  never  doubled  in 
English  words  ;  as  wax,  ivaxen. 

8.  But  if  there  are  two  final  consonants,  or  two  vowels  pre- 
ceding a  final  consonant,  likewise  if  the  accent  is  not  on  the 
last  syllable,  or  if  the  accent  is  shifted,  no  doubling  takes  place. 

EXAMPLES.  —  Call,  called,  caH'ing ;  cheat,  cheat'ed, 
cheat'ing ;  cool,  cooled,  cool'ing,  cool'er,  cool'est ; 
cred'it,  cred'it-ed,  cred'it-irig,  crcd'it-or ;  gal'lop,  gar- 
loped,  gal'lop-ing;  ^ib'bet,  </ib'bet-cd,  ^ib'bet-ing ;  suffer, 
suffered,  suffer-in g,  suf'for-er;  vLs-'it,  vis'it-cd;  vis'it-ing, 
vis'it-or ;  wor'ship,  wor'shipcd,  wor'ship-ing,  wor'ship-er. 

REMARKS.  —  The  following  words  arc  by  some  regarded  as  exceptions 
to  Rule  8,  and  made  to  double  the  final  consonant  before  ed,  my,  <fcc. 
Present  usage  is  in  favor  of  the  reform  introduced  by  Noah  Webster, 
under  which  these  words  are  spelled  in  accordance  with  Rule  8  ;  thus, 
Hav'ded,  trav'el-iny,  trav'd-ei ;  jew'd,  jew'd-er}  <fec. 

Ap-par'el,  bfir'rel,  bcv'cl,  can'cel,  CJir'ol,  cav'il,  chi.s'el, 
chan'nel,  coun'sel,  cud'(/el,  di'al,  di-shev'cl,  driv'el,  du'el, 
em-bow'el,  cn-arn'el,  e'qual,  gam'bol,  grav'cl,  grov'el, 
hand'sel,  hatch'el,  im-pan'nel,  jcw'el,  keri'nel,  ker'nel, 
h'bel,  lau'rel,  lev'el,  li'bel,  mar'shal,  mar'vel,  mod'el, 
pan'el,  par'cel,  pen'cil,  per'il,-  pis'tol,  pom'mel,  quar'rel, 
rav'el,  rev'el,  ri'val,  row'el,  shov'el,  shriv'el,  sniv'el, 
tas'sel,  tram'mel,  trav'el,  tuu'nel,  vic-t'wal. 

Add  fd  or  iny  to  the  above  words. 


EULES    FOR    SPELLING.  69 


9.  "Words  ending  in  a  double  consonant  generally  retain  both 
consonants  on  receiving  an  addition. 

EXAMPLES.  —  Bliss'ful ;  suocessTul.  Rest'less-ly,  use'- 
less-ly.  Care'less-ness,  ill'ness,  stilFness. 

REMARKS.  —  Some  words  ending  in  //  drop  one  /  before  less  and  ly  ;  ns, 
s  fall  ess,  fully,  chilly,  squally.  According  to  "\Vebster,  the  derivatives  of 
dull,  skill,  will,  and  full,  retain  the  //  before  ness  and  ful ;  as,  dull' ness, 
fullness,  skillful,  will'ful ;  though  other  lexicographers  place  but  one  /  in 
the  first  syllable  of  these  words.  In  the  words  dis-till,  fjrc-tdl,  ful-j.ll, 
in-still,  ^Webster  retains  the  //  of  the  primitive  words  still,  tell,  f.ll. 

10.  Compound  words  are  usually  spelled  in  the  same  manner 
as  the  simple  words  of  which  they  are  composed ;   but  FULL, 
as    an    additional    syllable,    drops    one    L;    as    IIA^D'FUL, 
SPOONFUL. 

EXAMPLES.  —  Cow'yard,  clown' fall,  icc'housc. 

EXCEPTIONS.  —  Al'most,  al'so,  ajways,  cl'bow,  wd'fare. 
Al-though  ,  un-til,  witfi-al.  Al-bc'it,  al-rnight'y,  al-rcacT y. 
Al-to-gctfi'cr. 

11.  The  plural   of  nouns   is  Generally  formed  by  adding   ", 
when  the  singular  ends  with  a  sound  that  will  unite  with  tho 
sound  of  S ;  as  LAMP,  LAMPS  ;  or  by  adding  ES,  or  S,  having 
the  sound  of  ES,  when  the  singular  ends  with  a  sound  that  will 
not  unite  with  the  sound  of  S ;  as  FOX,  FOX'ES. 

EXAMPLES.  —  Ap'plc,  ap'plcs  ;  bag-,  bags;  frog,  frog/?; 
miss,  miss'cs ;  torch,  torch'cs ;  rose,  ro'.s'cs. 

Nouns  having  any  other  ending  than  y  preceded  by  a  consonant,  or 
than  /,  h,  o,  s,  x,  also  nouns  ending  in  silent  e,  form  their  plurals  by 
adding  s. 

"\Vhcn  c  soft  (having  the  sound  of  s),  g  soft  (having  the  sound  of  y),  or 
•v,  comes  before  silent  c,  a  syllable  is  added  to  the  word  ;  as,  face,  faces  ; 
age,  ages  j  case,  cases. 

Nouns  ending  in  ch  soft  (as  in  bench),  ah,  ss,  cr  x,  form  their  plurals  by 
adding  es. 

12.  Most  nouns  ending  in  O,  preceded  by  a  consonant,  form 
the  plural  by  the  addition  of  ES. 

EXAMPLES.  —  Car'gocs,  ech'ocs,  he'rocs,  mot'toes,  niu- 
lat'toes,  ne'groes,  po-ta'toes,  sti-lct'toes,  vol-ca'noes. 


70  RULES    FOR    SPELLING. 

EXCEPTIONS.  —  Bra'vos,  can'tos,  du-o-dec'i-mos,  ha'los, 
grot'tos,  jun  tos,  man-i-fes'tos,  me-men'tos,  nios-qui'tos, 
oc-ta'vos,  por'ti-cos,  quar'tos,  so'los,  twos,  ty'ros. 

Where  o  is  preceded  by  a  vowel,  as  in  tri'o,  cam'e-o,  s  only  is  added. 

13.  Nouns  ending  in  Y,  preceded  by  a  consonant,  form  their 
plural  by  changing  the  Y  into  IES ;   but  nouns  ending  in  Y, 
preceded  by  a  vowel,  form  the  plural  regularly  by  the  addition 
of  S. 

EXAMPLES.  —  Ar'my,  ar'mies  ;  ba'by,  ba'bies  ;  po'ny, 
ponies;  pop'py,  pop'pies.  Gal'ler-y,  gal'ler-ies;  van'i-ty, 
van'i-ties. — Boy,  boys;  key,  keys.  Al'ley,  alleys; 
chim'ney,  chim'neys  ;  mon'ey,  mon'eys;  val'ley,  val'leys; 
volley,  volleys.  Dis-play,  dis-plays. 

14.  A  number  of  nouns  ending  in  F  and  in  FE,  and  most  of 
those  ending  in  FF,  form  their  plural  regularly  by  tho  addition 
of  S. 

EXAMPLES.  —  Chiefs,  dwarfs,  fifes,  griefs,  gulfs,  hoofs, 
proofs,  roofs,  safes,  scarfs,  stripes,  surfs,  turfs,  wharfs. 
Ke-proofs'.  Hand'ker-chiefs.  Cuff,  cuffs.  Muff,  muffs ; 
whiff,  whiffs. 

EXCEPTIONS. — ^Beef,  beeves;  calf,  calves;  elf,  elves  ; 
half,  halves;  knife,  knives;  leaf,  leaves;  life,  lives; 
loaf,  loaves;  self,  selves;  sheaf,  sheaves;  shelf,  shelves; 
thief,  thieves ;  wife,  wives ;  wolf,  wolves. 

Staff  has  staves  in  the  plural,  but  its  compounds  are  regular  ;  as  flag- 
stfiff,  flay -staffs. 


DICTATION  AND  WRITING  EXERCISES. 
A  curable  disease.  A  movable  rock.  A  serviceable  dress.  He 
got  a  swingeing  for  swinging.  She  is  singeing  her  hair.  Birds 
are  singing  ;  boys  frolicking.  Illustrious  achievements.  My 
judgment  of  the  abridgment.  Daisies  in  bloom.  Chimneys 
smoking.  Volleys  of  darts.  Cheap  calicoes.  Sweet  potatoes. 
Ships  at  the  wharfs.  Mosquitos  are  plenty.  Regard  his  welfare. 


MARKS    USED    IN    WRITING    AND    PRINTING.        71 


MARKS   USED   IN   WRITING   AND   PRINTING. 


Comma,      .     . 

!  Parenthesis,  . 

() 

Section, 

Semicolon, 

.      :;  Brackets,       .     . 

[] 

Asterisk, 

Colon,  .     .     . 

•  Caret,       .     .     . 

A 

Dagger, 

Period,       .     . 

. 

Hyphen,  .     .     . 

- 

Parallels, 

Interrogation, 

•    ? 

Accent,     .     .     . 

' 

Ellipsis, 

Exclamation,  . 

7 

Paragraph  ,    . 

IT 

Dioeresis, 

Dash,     .     .     . 

_ 

Quotation,     .       < 

Makron, 

Apostrophe,    . 

5  Index,     .       .       | 

3T 

Breve,  . 

The  marks  of  punctuation  are,  the  Comma  (,),  which 
usually  represents  the  sho/test  pause  ;  the  Semicolon 
(;),  a  longer  pause  than  the  comma;  the  Colon  (:),  a 
longer  pause  than  the  semicolon  ;  and  the  Period  (.),  a 
full  stop. 

The  Interrogation  point  (?)  is  used  to  denote  that  a 
question  is  asked  ;  as,  Who  is  there  f  The  Exclamation 
point  (!)  is  expressive  of  any  strong  or  sudden  emotion ; 
as,  0,  heavy  day  ! 

The  Dash  ( — )  is  used  where  a  sentence  breaks  off 
abruptly. 

The  Apostrophe  ('),  a  mark  differing  from  the  comma 
only  in  being  placed  above  the  line,  denotes  the  omission 
of  one  or  more  letters  ;  as,  o'er  for  over,  Jgan  for  began. 
It  also  marks  the  separation  of  the  final  s  of  the  pos- 
sessive case  from  the  noun  ;  as,  John's  hat.  The  possess^ 
ive  case  plural  is  indicated  by  an  apostrophe  after  the 
letter  s  ;  as,  the  trees'  leaves. 

The  Marks  of  Parenthesis  (  )  are  used  when  a  word, 
passage,  or  mark,  which  interrupts  the  progress  of  the 
sentence,  is  inserted. 

The  Hyphen  (-)  is  used  to  separate   syllables  ;  also 


72  CAPITAL    LETTERS. 

the  parts  of  compound  words  ;  as,  com-pre-hend,  milk- 
pail  The  Hyphen  is  placed  after  a  syllable  ending  a 
line,  to  show  that  the  remainder  of  the  word  begins  the 
next  line. 

The  Acute  Accent  (')  is  used  in  English  to  mark  tho 
accented  syllable. 

Marks  of  Quotation  ("  ")  are  used  to  denote  that  tho 
words  of  another  person,  real  or  supposed,  than  the 
author,  are  quoted. 

CAPITAL  LETTERS. 

Capital  Letters  should  be, used  in  the  following  in- 
stances : 

1.  At  the   beginning  of  the  first  word  of  every  sen- 
tence, and  after  every  full  stop. 

2.  At  the  beginning  of  every  line  of  poetry. 

3.  At  the  beginning  of  proper  names  and  of  adjectives 
derived  from  them,  in  whatever  part  of  the  sentence. 

4.  In  epithets,  used  like  the  following:    Charles  the 
Fat';  Peter  the  Great. 

5.  Titles,   when   followed   by  names :    The  Emperor 
Napoleon. 

6.  Appellations  of  the  Deity  :  as,  Lord,  Jehovah,  Prov- 
idence ;  and  often  in  pronouns  referring  to  Him. 

*T.  The  pronoun  I,  and  the  interjections  0,  Oh,  &c. 

8.  The  days  of  the  week,  and  months  of  the  year ;  as, 
February,  Tuesday. 

9.  The  divisions  of  a  printed  work  ;  as,  Book  the  First. 
Section  the  Second. 

10.  Nouns  denoting  a  religious  sect;  as,  A  Christian, 
a  Jew. 

11.  Words  to  which  it  is  desired  to  give  importance  ; 
as,  The  army  of  the  Revolution.     When  will  Congress  sit? 


14  DAY  USE 

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